SESMAD

Variable Type	Ordinal
Variable Component Type	Environmental Common
Variable Kind	Interaction
Theme	Outcomes (learn about themes)
Projects	SESMAD, Fiji fisheries
Question	Based on your answers to the Beginning Condition and End Condition variables, would you say that the condition of this commons has improved, remained the same, or worsened during this snapshot?
Select Options	1 Worsened, 2 Remained the Same, 3 Improved
Unit
Role
Importance	Natural resource commons provide many important and irreplaceable benefits to those who use them, and pollution commons can harm social welfare. As a result, explaining changes in commons condition is arguably the prime motivator for much of the research on common-pool resources.
Definition	This variable measures broad trends in the status of an environmental commons during a particular snapshot. Worsened: For a natural resource, the stock of the resource has diminished. For a pollutant, the concentration of the pollutant in the environment has increased. Remained the Same: For either natural resources or pollutants, the status of the commons has not demonstrated a consistent trend over the time period specified. Improved: For a natural resource, the stock of the resource has grown. For a pollutant, the concentration of the pollutant in the environment has decreased.
Sectors

Theory Usages

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Theory	Value Used
Accountable leadership	Remained the same or improved
Bans and perverse incentives	Worsened
Borlaug hypothesis and deforestation	Remained the same or Improved
Cap-and-trade policies	Remained the same or Improved
CAR principles for conservation area design	Remained the same or Improved
CBNRM design principles	Remained the same or Improved
Centralization and corruption	Worsened
Centralized conservation	Remained the same or improved
Collective action and the commons	Remained the same or improved
Common property quotas	remained the same or improved

Showing 1 to 10 of 64 entries

Associated Studies

Case Usages

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Case	Interaction Type	Component	Value Used	Explanation
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT)	Governance	Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna	Remained the Same (2)
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT)	Governance	Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna	Remained the Same (2)
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT)	Governance	Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna	Worsened (1)
Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil	Governance	Mangrove forest in Bragança, Brazil	Missing
California squid	Governance	California market squid (Loligo opalescens)	Remained the Same (2)	Fluctuations but the same.
Cenderwasih National Park	Governance	Cenderwasih coral cover	Remained the Same (2)	RAP assessment by CI reported good coral cover in 2006 (but no % quoted), and average coral cover was ~40% in 2010 and 2011. Corals have reportedly recovered from bleaching event 2010/2011, and so assume no major changes in coral cover during this snap shot.
Cenderwasih National Park	Governance	Cenderwasih target fish	Remained the Same (2)	Few large fish, but longer history of fishing pressure than Raja Ampat and also naturally lower biomass. Monitoring has shown some moderate increases in last 5 years due to increased enforcement and drop off in destructive fishing practices - Erdmann pers comm. For the BHS overall, fish biomnass trends appear stable (WWF 2015) so coded here as no change rather than an increase due to lack of data to confirm increasing trend.
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries	Governance	California Rocky Shores Ecosystem Health	Improved (3)	Water quality has substantially increased, as well as enforcement on poaching and avoidances of oil spills. However, climate change and invasive species still pose critical threats that could worsen the habitat throughout time.
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries	Governance	California Humpback Whale	Improved (3)	In 2007, about 22,000 humpback whales were estimated as part of the North Pacific stock, which is about 20x more than was estimated in 1984 (IWC Whale Population Estimates 2015).
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries	Governance	California Groundfish Habitat	Improved (3)	Improved. Less information is available on the habitat of groundfish, but on the stock which here we use as a proxy for condition trend. Some stocks are not improved, but overall many stocks have improved. "Stock status has been estimated for nearly 30% of the groundfish stocks throughout at least a portion of their Pacific coast range. Of the assessed stocks, more than 70% are near or above target levels. However, many of the assessed stocks, whether currently below target levels or not, experienced declines in biomass throughout much of the 1980’s and 1990’s. These declines coincided with a period of reduced productivity of the California Current that lasted from 1977 into the late 1990’s. It is likely that this decline in ocean productivity contributed to the decline in overall abundance, but the effect appears to have been variable across species and is not well understood at this time. In the most recent period of improved ocean productivity, increases in recruitment and abundance have been observed for many species." (Miller et al. 2009)

Showing 1 to 10 of 66 entries