SESMAD

Variable Type	Ordinal
Variable Component Type	Actor
Variable Kind	Interaction
Theme	Context (learn about themes)
Projects	SESMAD, Fiji fisheries
Question	How high is the level of participation of this actor group in the process that determines how this environmental commons is governed?
Select Options	1 Low, 2 Medium, 3 High
Unit
Role	CommonsUser
Importance	Political participation influences natural resource management in three ways: First, when people participate in decision-making processes, they tend to find the process more legitimate. Second, participation enables information sharing between actors and governance systems. Third, participation enhances the democratic legitimacy of processes, which is important in and of itself. This relates to a design principle (collective choice arrangements) (Ostrom 1990).
Definition	"This variable describes the level of participation this actor group has in the process that determines how this environmental commons is governed. High: actors have active engagement in decision-making processes, including, but not limited to the ability to meaningfully make changes in important rules when appropriate. Medium: for example, the actor group may participate in electing representatives who have some say in rule changing, but the actor group itself does not participate. Low: Low participation means that members of the actor group do not have any ability to participate in rule changing processes (although they may be informed of these processes, or have access to extreme ways of changing rules, such as, e.g. violent protests or acts of resistance of the type described by Scott (1985))."
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Case	Interaction Type	Component	Value Used	Explanation
Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil	Governance	Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil	High (3)
California squid	Governance	California market squid fishermen	Medium (2)	Fishermen are formally and informally consulted with. Fishermen are on advisory councils, and also formally participate through public hearings.
Cenderwasih National Park	Governance	Cenderwasih fishers	Low (1)	MPA was designated by central government. WWF did try to engage local communities in zoning in 2008.
Cenderwasih National Park	Governance	Cenderwasih fishers	Low (1)	MPA was designated by central government. WWF did try to engage local communities in 2008.
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries	Governance	California Academic Researchers	Medium (2)	The management bodies rely heavily on the best available science. Researchers are constricted by the results of their research in terms of influencing governance, but if the science reflects a clear directive in governance then the power they have is great. They are incorporated in the management teams and advisory bodies and participate heavily in terms of peer-review and cooperative research projects, but do not make the decisions.
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries	Governance	California Sanctuary Recreational Users	Medium (2)	Recreational users can influence policy through stakeholder input, but the governance of this resource is rarely up for discussion. Recreational users often participate in the role of reporting sightings (commonly though a mobile phone device).
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries	Governance	California Academic Researchers	Medium (2)	The management bodies rely heavily on the best available science. Researchers are constricted by the results of their research in terms of influencing governance, but if the science reflects a clear directive in governance then they can help decision makers formulate a decision. They are incorporated in the management teams and advisory bodies and participate heavily in terms of peer-review and cooperative research projects.
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries	Governance	California Groundfish Fishermen	Medium (2)	Fishermen are individually engaged in the public hearing and input steps in the regulation process, and many are part of a fishermen's association which is highly active. "The process for controversial or complex issues takes at least three Council meetings. Proposals for management measures may come from the public, from participating management agencies, from advisory groups, or from Council members. If the Council wants to pursue these proposals, it asks for other possible solutions to the problem being addressed and then directs the Groundfish Management Team (GMT), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and/or Council staff to prepare an analysis. At the next meeting when such a proposal is on the agenda, the Council reviews the analysis and chooses a range of alternatives and possibly a preliminary preferred alternative. The analysis is then made available for public review, and the Council makes a final decision at the next meeting the item is scheduled."
Community A (Fiji fisheries)	Governance	Community A	Low (1)	24% of respondents indicate that they participate in resource use decision-making processes.
Community B (Fiji Fisheries)	Governance	Community B	Medium (2)	Approximately 55% of respondents indicate that they can participate in resource use decisions.

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