| Variable Type | Ordinal |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Actor |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Knowledge and uncertainty (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD |
| Question | What is the level of traditional or local knowledge this actor group has regarding the condition of this environmental commons? |
| Select Options | 1 Low, 2 Medium, 3 High |
| Unit | |
| Role | |
| Importance | Knowledge of resource conditions is widely believed to be a requirement for sustainable management - i.e. if you don't know how the resources are doing, you cannot change management practices in response to changing resource conditions. Many argue that traditional knowledge or local knowledge provides a vital source of information for making resource management decisions (although others argue for the primacy of traditional knowledge). |
| Definition | Local and traditional knowledge capture a diversity of forms of knowledge which are not based on scientific processes. Traditional knowledge refers to knowledge passed down through generations, generally among people living in a region for a long time - including, but not limited to indigenous people. Local knowledge refers to knowledge that people who live or work in an area have of the area or resource which may not be based on generations of residing in the area, but may be based on long observations by individuals. Although these people may have engaged in some kind of systematic inquiry to obtain this knowledge, it would generally not be published in formal sources, and the people conducting the inquiry would not have received systematic training in means of making systematic inquiry. High: the condition of the resource is understood with a high degree of confidence by this actor group based on traditional or local knowledge. Low: This actor group has little or no traditional or local knowledge about the condition of the resource. |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|---|
| Social memory and general resilience | Medium or High |
| Conditions for general resilience | Medium or High |
| Uncertainty and depletion of natural resources | Low |
| Decentralization and elite capture | Low |
| Parametric management | High |
| Failure of centralized control | Low |
Associated Studies
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | High (3) | Many members of this group were members of indigenous communities with centuries of accumulation of local/traditional knowledge about the commons. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | Low (1) | This actor group did not use traditional knowledge |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "New Order" Indonesian Central Government (1965-1998) | Low (1) | this group does not have local/traditional knowledge. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | High (3) | This group has a high level of traditional ecological knowledge. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | Low (1) | This group also does not possess very much local knowledge |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Civil society organizations in Indonesia | Low (1) | This group does not possess local/traditional knowledge. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "Reformasi" Indonesian Central Government (1998-2012) | Low (1) | This group does not have traditional or local knowledge |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Local entrepreneurs | Low (1) | this group generally does not have scientific knowledge. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Low (1) | Local knowledge can be incorporated through citizen-reporting of whale sightings, but otherwise there is limited traditional knowledge incorporated into Sanctuary-humpback relations. Though traditional knowledge about this same stock is available from First Nations in Canada and populations in Costa Rica. |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | High (3) | Based on the description of the participatory process and their historic use artisanal fishers seem to know about the habitat, spatial distribution of this resource. |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | Low (1) | |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian District Governments | Low (1) | |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | N/A | |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Western Members | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | ||
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Secretariat | Not Applicable | |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | ||
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | Medium (2) | Fishermen know traditional fishing grounds and weather patterns. However, the generational trend is not very long in this area (going back 100 years mostly). |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | Not Applicable | |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | Not Applicable | |
| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | ICPR nations (1976-1986) | ||
| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | Rhine chemical firms | ||
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Low (1) | Managers have scientific rather than local knowledge |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Medium (2) | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Low (1) | Managers have scientific rather than local knowledge |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Medium (2) | This is an average across the population of recreational fishers. Frequent fishers would have high local knowledge, fishers travelling from other states or infrequent fishers would have low local knowledge of reefs where they fish. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | High (3) | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | High (3) | |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | Not Applicable | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Low (1) | While traditional knowledge is not ignored, it is often not incorporated into research studies. |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | Not Applicable | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | Low (1) | most fishers have immigrated from mainland Ecuador so they have no cultural roots in the Galapagos, no “island” culture (Shepherd et al., 2004) |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | Medium (2) | Some traditional knowledge as the local government are from the Wakatobi |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | Medium (2) | Some traditional knowledge as the local government are from the Wakatobi |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | Medium (2) | Local government are from the Wakatobi |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | High (3) | State of Hawai'i as part of co-trusteeship and also representative of native Hawaiians on the board, so they have access to local knowledge and appear to base decisions on this. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | Low (1) | Managers are not native to Galapagos (mainland Ecuador) - most people have moved to the islands in last few decades. Lack of island identity |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Not Applicable | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | Low (1) | Many have immigrated from mainland Ecuador so they have no cultural roots in the Galapagos, no “island” culture (Shepherd et al., 2004) |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | Low (1) | Lack of island identity as most residents are new to the area (moved from mainland Ecuador) so assume low traditional knowledge with respect to local environment |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | High (3) | Highly detailed awareness of spatiotemporal variability in many physical and biological aspects of the marine environment (see Clifton and Majors 2012) |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | Low (1) | Local knowledge can be incorporated through citizen-reporting of whale sightings, but otherwise there is limited traditional knowledge incorporated into Sanctuary-humpback relations. Though traditional knowledge about this same stock is available from First Nations in Canada and populations in Costa Rica. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | High (3) | Highly detailed awareness of spatiotemporal variability in many physical and biological aspects of the marine environment (see Clifton and Majors 2012) |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | High (3) | Highly detailed awareness of spatiotemporal variability in many physical and biological aspects of the marine environment (see Clifton and Majors 2012) |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | Low (1) | most fishers have immigrated from mainland Ecuador so they have no cultural roots in the Galapagos, no “island” culture (Shepherd et al., 2004) |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | Medium (2) | Local knowledge accrued through working in the region, and dive guides knowledge has been used to assess oerceptions of shark abundance/populations (PhD study by Pen˜aherrera). But not coded as high as no long tradtition/heritage in the GMR due to recent immigration |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | High (3) | State of Hawai'i as part of co-trusteeship and also representative of native Hawaiians on the board, so they have access to local knowledge and appear to base decisions on this. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | Not Applicable | |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | High (3) | State of Hawai'i as part of co-trusteeship and also representative of native Hawaiians on the board, so they have access to local knowledge and appear to base decisions on this. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | Low (1) | The Sanctuary incorporates stakeholder input into its activities, but the level of local knowledge is still limited here. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | Medium (2) | Local community members who use the Sanctuary for recreational purposes bring their own knowledges, but many outside tourists do not include traditional knowledge in their experience. Companies know hot spots for observing whales. |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | High (3) | long tradition of local management of natural resources (sasi). |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | High (3) | Local communities with high traditional knowledge included as management actor so assuming they share knowledge high traditional knowledge among the management actor group |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | High (3) | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | Medium (2) | Likely some variation between liveabords and local operators |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | High (3) | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | High (3) | Local communities included as management actor (co-management) and so assume they share their local knowledge with the other management actors |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | High (3) | Local communities coded as part of the management actor - assume they share their knowledge |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California State and Federal Fisheries Agencies | Medium (2) | Need to research this more, but with the high level of stakeholder input, local knowledge is incorporated into the regulation process. To what level, further investigation is needed. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Not Applicable | |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | High (3) | Based on the description of the participatory process and their historic interaction with coral reefs artisanal fishers seem to know about its spatial distribution. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Medium (2) | This is an average across the population of recreational fishers. Frequent fishers would have high local knowledge, fishers travelling from other states or infrequent fishers would have low local knowledge. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | Low (1) | CDF includes local staff, but there is no long history of people living on Galapagos 'lack of island culture' |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Low (1) | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Medium (2) | Commercial fishers would have local knowledge on the location of calving whales in coastal waters and the timing of when the whales migrated to inland coastal areas to calve (fishing areas) |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | High (3) | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | Not Applicable | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | Low (1) | Managers have scientific rather than local knowledge |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | High (3) | SBT has been intensively fished since the early 1950s. The actor group would have local knowledge on the locations where to catch SBT (movement and congregation). |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | Low (1) | The Director has scientific rather than local knowledge |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | Not Applicable | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | Low (1) | ~85% Ecuadorian staff, but Galapagos does not have a long human history and lacks an 'island identity' |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Missing | Uncertain |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | Missing | Uncertain |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | Not Applicable | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Not Applicable | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | Not Applicable | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | Low (1) | CDF includes local staff, but there is no long history of people living on Galapagos 'lack of island culture' |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Researchers | Low (1) | Some anthro research, but probably on average fairly low |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Not Applicable | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | Not Applicable | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Low (1) | Commercial fishers likely have some knoweldge of Australian sea lions, but their direct interactions are limited |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Medium (2) | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | Low (1) | Managers are not Papuan |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | Low (1) | Managers are not Papuan |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | High (3) | |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Falkland Islands Government (FIG) Fisheries Managers | Low (1) | Uses information from industry to manage fishery. Little traditional knowledge exists. |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | Low (1) | Fishermen are mostly foreign and new to the system (fishery began in 1982). But Spanish Masters have been coming back for many years so have their own set of accumulated knowledge. |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | High (3) | |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | Low (1) | Not a traditional fishery. |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Fishery Managers | Low (1) | Not a lot of traditional knowledge to access. The New Zealand domestic fishery is less than 400 tonnes, as squid is not a traditional food in New Zealand, and there has been little interest in it (Gibson, 1995). Maori did not access squid, especially deep water. |
| California squid | Governance | California Department of Fish and Wildlife Market Squid Managers | Low (1) | While managers converse with fishermen to know historical fishing grounds and behavior, not a lot of traditional knowledge to access. |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | Medium (2) | Been same families for a little over 100 years, a lot of word of mouth instruction, primarily in fishing techniques and hot spots. |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Institute of Sciences - LIPI | ||
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | Medium (2) | First-hand experience on seasonality of water flows and water level management strategies |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | Medium (2) | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | High (3) | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | High (3) | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | High (3) | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili EcoTrust on Gili Trawangan | High (3) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | Medium (2) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | High (3) |