| Variable Type | Binary |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Actor |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Enforcement (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD, Fiji fisheries |
| Question | Do external actors/organizations monitor the activities of this commons using actor group with respect to the use of this commons? |
| Select Options | |
| Unit | |
| Role | CommonsUser |
| Importance | Without monitoring, members of this actor group may not face costs of breaking commons management rules, creating an incentive to overuse the commons, leading to negative commons outcomes. A large body of literature has confirmed that monitoring, particularly when combined with sanctioning, is extremely important for the successful commons management. |
| Definition | This variable captures whether or not the actions of this commons using actor group are monitored by agents or organizations that are not members of this group. |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|---|
| Bans and perverse incentives | Yes |
| Enforcement | Yes (or substituted with self monitoring) |
| Critique of fortress conservation | Yes |
| Ecological effectiveness of MPAs | Yes |
| Centralized conservation | Yes |
| Pigouvian taxes | Yes |
| Payment for ecosystem services (PES) | Yes |
| Numeric management | Yes |
| Ecolabels | Yes |
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Yes | Monitoring by Fisheries Queensland and the agencies managing the MPA. But recreational fishers don't direclty use corals, but might fish species that affect corals |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Yes | Monitoring by Fisheries managers and those enforcing the GBRMPA rules |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | Yes | CDF conducts monitoring of environmental commons. Parks Service conducts some monitoring of compliance. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Yes | The actions of fishers are monitored by AFMA observers which self-report information to MSC for certification purposes. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | ||
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Yes | There is some monitoring by the management actor on compliance |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Yes | There is some monitoring by the management actor on compliance |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Yes | There is some monitoring by the management actor on compliance |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | Yes | The Sanctuary, Coast Guard, and NMFS monitor recreational users and enforce any law violations. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Yes | Researchers do not use humpback whales in the form of "taking" but instead monitor and observe them. However, the peer-review process monitors the activities of researchers on humpbacks in this area. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Yes | Permits are issued by the Sanctuary superintendent. |
| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A | No | Very little external monitoring takes place |
| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B | No | |
| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C | No | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Yes | Monitoring/enforcement within MPAs is conducted by community patrols - with support from NGOs and Navy - so some external monitoring |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | Not Applicable | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Yes | Monitoring of nesting beaches is conducted by NGOs with some support from community members (fishermen), so there is some external monitoring |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Yes | Monitoring/enforcement within MPAs is conducted by community patrols - with support from NGOs and Navy - so some external monitoring |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Yes | Yes, the Resource Managers. The Governor of Svalbard is responsible for monitoring, but is assisted by the Coast Guard. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | Yes | CDFW and the PFMC monitor fishing activity. Coast Guard and Sanctuary officers also ensure that fishing does not occur in closed areas. Quotas and gear types are closely monitored. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Yes | Monitoring by Fisheries Queensland and the agencies managing the MPA |
| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F | No | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Yes | Monitoring by AFMA fisheries managers and those enforcing the GABMP (CW) regulations. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | Yes | Fishers are mandated to keep a log book which are used by the Resource Managers to help determine the status of the stock and to set appropriate regulations - not maintaining the log book correctly results in penalties. The Coast Guard patrols the protection zone. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Yes | Monitoring by AFMA fisheries managers and those enforcing the GABMP (CW) regulations. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | All commercial vessels have a VMS (vessel monitoring system), which allows satellite tracking of their movements. Managers may use this to determine compliance with the various protected area zones. Managers also monitor gear regulations to ensure the appropriate regulations are being followed (including an appropriate turtle excluder device or bycatch reduction device). | |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Yes | Toothfish fishers are monitored by AFMA observers and indirectly by the Marine Stewardship Council. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Yes | HIMI toothfish fishers are monitored by Fisheries Observers and the AFMA, with additional ongoing surveillance by the Australian Defense Force. They are also indirectly monitored by the Marine Stewardship Council, through which they have a fishing sustainability certification. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Yes | AFMA, as well as CCAMLR, monitors the fishers through fisheries observers, VMS, port and trade measures and other measures. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Yes | Monitoring by AFMA fisheries managers and those enforcing the GABMP (CW) regulations - although currenlty no limits on bycatch of sealions |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Yes | Yes, the Resource Managers. The Governor of Svalbard is responsible for monitoring, and is assisted by the Coast Guard. |
| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D | No | |
| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E | No | |
| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G | No | |
| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H | No | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Missing | NO DATA |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Yes | There is some monitoring by the management actor on compliance |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Yes | There is some monitoring by the management actor on compliance |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | Yes | Falkland Islands Fisheries Fisheries Department (especially observers) highly monitor location and catch of vessels (check position 3 times a day). |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | Yes | Primarily observers. MPI invests heavily in monitoring fishing activity and in encouraging and enforcing compliance with the law. Fishery Officers patrol New Zealand’s coastline to ensure all fishers comply with the rules. Fishing vessels are also monitored at sea using satellite technology, aeroplanes, and patrol boats, to ensure their crew follow the rules. In addition, Ministry Observers are periodically placed on fishing boats to monitor and record what fishers catch, and any interactions with seabirds, marine mammals or protected corals (Sustainable Fisheries 2016). |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | Yes | Managers from CDFW monitor, as well as do buyers and harbormasters (informally). Government enforcers on land and on vessels. No observer program. |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | No | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | Yes | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | No | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | No | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | Yes | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | Yes | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | Yes |