| Variable Type | Categorical |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Actor |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Enforcement (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD, Fiji fisheries |
| Question | Are sanctions applied by and to the members of this group for violations of rules regarding extraction or emission? And if so, are these sanctions graduated (increasing with severity and repetition of offenses)? |
| Select Options | Graduated sanctions, Non-graduated sanctions, No sanctions |
| Unit | |
| Role | CommonsUser |
| Importance | Sanctioning deters participants from excessive violations of rules. This should contribute to the effectiveness and robustness of the governance systems (Cox et al. 2010). When sanctions are enforced, resource (over-)users or pollution emitters are obliged to internalize some of the negative externalities they produce on other actors. This variable is related to one of the design principles. |
| Definition | Sanctions can include a diversity of forms of social shunning, fines, extra regulations or the complete prohibition of resource use or pollution emissions (Ostrom 1990). |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|---|
| Enforcement | Yes (or substituted with external sanctioning) |
| CBNRM design principles | Graduated sanctions |
| Parametric management | Yes |
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | No sanctions | No evidence that commercial fishers sanction each other |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | No sanctions | No sanctions have been successfully applied. No informal sanctioning - even with GPS trackers and on-board observers fishermen were fishing in no-take areas (G. Edgar pers comm) |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | No sanctions | Fishers do not sanction one another |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | Graduated sanctions | In case of a proven infraction, the Directorate of the Galapagos National Park begins a legal process against the person or company liable for the infraction. The rights for tourism operations are removed upon the third offense. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | No sanctions | No self sanctioning - Fishing grounds are envisaged by the Bajau as open to all individuals, regardless of their origin or nationality, hence the concept of marine resource ownership, together with the implicit enforcement of regulations, is in reality far removed from Bajau cultural norms (Clifton 2013). Officially there are graduated sanctions applied by management, but in reality these are rarely applied. The park rangers can apprehend but not prosecute - only the police can do this, and police have a bad reputation so local violators are unlikely to be handed over to the police (Julian Clifton pers comm). |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | No sanctions | No self-sanctioning - Fishing grounds are envisaged by the Bajau as open to all individuals, regardless of their origin or nationality, hence the concept of marine resource ownership, together with the implicit enforcement of regulations, is in reality far removed from Bajau cultural norms (Clifton 2013). Sanctions are applied (in theory) by the management actor |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | No sanctions | No self-sanctioning - Fishing grounds are envisaged by the Bajau as open to all individuals, regardless of their origin or nationality, hence the concept of marine resource ownership, together with the implicit enforcement of regulations, is in reality far removed from Bajau cultural norms (Clifton 2013). Sanctions are applied (in theory) by the management actor |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | No sanctions | No self-sanctions |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | No sanctions | No self-sanctions |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | No sanctions | No self-sanctions |
| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A | Non-graduated sanctions | |
| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B | Non-graduated sanctions | There is evidence that members of this groups informally monitor the use of fish resources within the LMMA. |
| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C | Non-graduated sanctions | One or more respondents indicate that they informally monitor the use of fish resources. |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Graduated sanctions | Through traditional management there will be some informal monitoring of resource use, and there would be sanctions applied by e.g. the village cheif |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | Not Applicable | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Graduated sanctions | Yes as communities/fishers are responsisble for mangement, including traditional management there will be a range of sanctions from those imposed by the village chief to external sanctions |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Graduated sanctions | Through traditional management there will be some informal monitoring of resource use, and there would be sanctions applied by e.g. the village cheif |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | No sanctions | No self sanctioning - although I would assume there'd be some informal reporting and that the AECO could revoke membership? |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | No sanctions | No self-sanctions |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | No sanctions | |
| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F | Non-graduated sanctions | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | No sanctions | Fishers do not sanction one another |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | No sanctions | No self-sanctions |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | No sanctions | Fishers do not sanction one another |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | No sanctions | Group members do not sanction one another for violation of bycatch rules. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | No sanctions | HIMI toothfish fishers do not sanction one another for violation of seabird bycatch rules. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | No sanctions | Fishers do not sanction one another. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | No sanctions | Fishers do not sanction one another |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | No sanctions | No self sanctioning - although I would assume there'd be some informal reporting and that the AECO could revoke membership? |
| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D | Non-graduated sanctions | There is evidence that one or more members of this user group informally monitors the behavior of others and reports offenders for potential sanctioning. |
| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E | Non-graduated sanctions | |
| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G | Non-graduated sanctions | |
| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H | Non-graduated sanctions | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Missing | NO DATA |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | No sanctions | Fishers do not sanction one another |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | No sanctions | Fishers do not sanction one another |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | No sanctions | Fishermen do not have the authority to give sanctions, that authority is by management only. However, fishermen can be given sanctions by managers. |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | Non-graduated sanctions | Likely yes but unsure. Understood that keep everything between the company rather than use the legal system. |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | No sanctions | Fishers do not impose sanctions. |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | No sanctions | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | Missing | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | No sanctions | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | Graduated sanctions | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | No sanctions | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | Graduated sanctions | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | No sanctions |