| Variable Type | Binary |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Actor |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Enforcement (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD, Fiji fisheries |
| Question | Does this actor group monitor its own activities with respect to the use of this commons? |
| Select Options | |
| Unit | |
| Role | CommonsUser |
| Importance | Without monitoring, members of this actor group may not face costs of breaking commons management rules, creating an incentive to overuse the commons, leading to negative commons outcomes. A large body of literature has confirmed that monitoring, particularly when combined with sanctioning, is extremely important for the successful commons management. |
| Definition | This variable captures whether the members of this actor group monitor each others' behavior towards the commons. |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|---|
| CBNRM design principles | Yes |
| Enforcement | Yes (or substituted with external monitoring) |
| Parametric management | Yes |
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | No | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | No | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | Yes | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | No | even with GPS trackers and on-board observers fishermen were fishing in no-take areas (G. Edgar pers comm) |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | No | Fishers do not formally monitor the behavior of other toothfish fishers. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | I assume there would be informal monitoring of other operators because there is an International Galapagos Tour Operators Association: http://www.igtoa.org/about | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | No | Fishing grounds are envisaged by the Bajau as open to all individuals, regardless of their origin or nationality, hence the concept of marine resource ownership, together with the implicit enforcement of regulations, is in reality far removed from Bajau cultural norms (Clifton 2013). |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | No | Fishing grounds are envisaged by the Bajau as open to all individuals, regardless of their origin or nationality, hence the concept of marine resource ownership, together with the implicit enforcement of regulations, is in reality far removed from Bajau cultural norms (Clifton 2013). |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | No | the concept of marine resource ownership, together with the implicit enforcement of regulations, is in reality far removed from Bajau cultural norms (Clifton 2013). |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Yes | Researchers often are specifically monitoring use. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | Yes | Whale-watching vessels record and monitor their activities. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | No | |
| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A | Yes | One or more members of the community indicate that they informally monitor the use of fisheries resources. |
| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B | Yes | |
| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C | ||
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Yes | Local monitoring of MPAs |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | ||
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Yes | Communities/fishers are involved in the management and patrolling of the MPAs |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Yes | Community members/local fishers involved in patrols/enforcement |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | No | Follow guidelines, but do not monitor own activities |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | No | While informal self-monitoring is likely, this is not at a large scale. |
| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F | Yes | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | No | Fishers do not monitor the behavior of other fishers. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | No | Fishermen have log books for their own activities, but they do not monitor the behavior of other fishers. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | No | Fishers do not monitor the behavior of other fishers. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | No | Toothfish fishers do not monitor the behavior of toothfish fishers with regards to seabird bycatch. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | No | Toothfish fishers do not monitor each other's behavior. But because of the small group size, there would likely be informal pressure put on any fisher that was violating rules. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | No | Although they could, there is no evidence that they do. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | No | Fishers do not monitor the behavior of other fishers. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | No | Follow guidelines, but do not monitor own activities |
| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D | Yes | There is evidence that one or more members of this user group informally monitors the behavior of others and reports offenders for potential sanctioning. |
| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E | Yes | |
| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G | Yes | |
| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H | Yes | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Yes | According to Elizabeth Taylor some of the fishing coops engage in social monitoring of its members and report violations in general. |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | No | No evidence of this |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | No | No evidence of this |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | Yes | Fishermen keep logbooks. They also report sizes caught and other data. They also report any observed discrepancies in the Loligo Box. |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | Yes | Heavily involved with monitoring fishing activities and SLED use in fishery by all vessels. All landings recorded. |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | Yes | Logbooks, and captains are well aware of activity on vessel and mammal/seabird interaction. |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | No | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | No | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | Yes | Individual dive records |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | Yes | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | No | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | Yes |