| Variable Type | Ordinal |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Actor |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Heterogeneity (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD, Fiji fisheries |
| Question | How high is the level of variation in the cultural identity of the group members? |
| Select Options | 1 Low, 2 Medium, 3 High |
| Unit | |
| Role | CommonsUser |
| Importance | The effect of heterogeneity - including cultural differences such as ethnicity - on the capacity of individuals to self-organise is highly contested (Varughese and Ostrom 2001). This variable allows us to test the importance of cultural heterogeneity within actor groups on governance outcomes. The direction of the relationship between this variable and collective action is highly contested. It complements the variables ActorEconomicHeterogeneity and ActorPoliticalHeterogeneity. |
| Definition | "Cultural heterogeneity refers to differences in cultural identity related to, for instance, class, ethnicity, language, traditions, religion, sense of place, and many other cultural aspects. These differences can make it more or less difficult for people to communicate, trust and co-operate with each-other. Definitions of values: High: The members of this actor group are very different with respect to the languages spoken, religion, and etchnicity. Low: The members of this actor group are very similar with respect to the languages spoken, religion, and etchnicity." |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|---|
| Social diversity and general resilience | High |
| Conditions for general resilience | High |
| Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) | Low |
| Cultural heterogeneity and collective action | High |
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H | Low (1) | |
| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D | Low (1) | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | High (3) | States that are permitted to fish for shrimp in the Svalbard zone are Canada, the EU, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, Russia and Norway. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Medium (2) | Likely a mix due to local expedition cruises and overseas cruise operators |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | Medium (2) | Many fishermen were immigrants from mainland Ecuador |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B | Low (1) | Nearly all of the respondents are from the same religious denomination |
| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C | ||
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | Low (1) | |
| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A | Low (1) | All respondents from the community share the same religious affiliation. |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Low (1) | Artisanal fishers belong to the same ethnic group. |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | Generally low across the MPA network, although the larger MPAs (Dampier Strait and SE Misool) have higher heterogeneity with a mix of Papuans, Mollucans, and Biak (migration during last ~200years) |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | All Bajau - some differences among communities, but they all identify strongly with each other, especially compared to any other group in the region |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Low (1) | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | Medium (2) | Recreational users differ in backgrounds, ethnicities, languages, and nationalities. However, many are US citizens who speak English. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | Generally low across the MPA network, although the larger MPAs (Dampier Strait and SE Misool) have higher heterogeneity with a mix of Papuans, Mollucans, and Biak (migration during last ~200years) |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | High (3) | local small-scale tourism to international. Many people on the Galapagos are immigrants from mainland Ecuador. International tourism likely to have a mix of nationalities, both as customers and crew. |
| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F | Medium (2) | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | All ethnically Bajau |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Low (1) | Artisanal fishers belong to the same ethnic group. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Low (1) | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Medium (2) | Likely a mix due to local expedition cruises and overseas cruise operators |
| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E | Low (1) | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Low (1) | Local fishers are all Papuan, although differences in dependence on marine resources versus agriculture (depending of history of the tribe) |
| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G | Low (1) | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Low (1) | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | All ethnically Bajau |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Low (1) | Local fishers are all Papuan, although differences in dependence on marine resources versus agriculture (depending of history of the tribe) |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | Medium (2) | New Zealand companies with all New Zealanders. Korean vessels flagged New Zealand with Joint Venture, but Korean captain and crew. History of some Ukrainian vessels and crew. |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | Medium (2) | Many are Italian (Sicilian in Monterey), ancestors from immigrants who moved to California in the early 1900s, now a lot of crew are Vietnamese, but mostly same community. The San Pedro fleet is primarily traditional Slav, Scandinavian, Italian, and Portuguese participants, but all American (Pomeroy and FitzSimmons 2001). |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | High (3) | While quota is held by Falkland Island companies, the fishery is primarily foreign fishers from many different areas (mostly Spain). Owners are from Falkland Islands. Officers are from Spain. Crew is from Peru, Indonesia, Africa, among others. |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | Generally low across the MPA network, although the larger MPAs (Dampier Strait and SE Misool) have higher heterogeneity with a mix of Papuans, Mollucans, and Biak (migration during last ~200years) |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Low (1) | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Low (1) | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | High (3) | International liveaboards and local homestays |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Low (1) | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | Low (1) | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | Low (1) | Farmers are nearly all muslim and the local Lombok Sasak ethnicity. |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ||
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | Medium (2) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | Medium (2) | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | Medium (2) | Mostly foreign (non-Indonesian) owned dive businesses. Mostly owners and managers from Europe, North America or Australia. |