| Variable Type | Ordinal |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Actor |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Heterogeneity (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD, Fiji fisheries |
| Question | How heterogeneous are the members of this actor group in economic terms (wealth, income)? |
| Select Options | 1 Low, 2 Medium, 3 High |
| Unit | |
| Role | CommonsUser |
| Importance | The effect of heterogeneity - including differences in assets or wealth – on the capacity of individuals to self-organise is highly contested (Varughese and Ostrom 2001). This variable allows us to test the importance of economic heterogeneity within actor groups on governance outcomes. It complements the variables ActorPoliticalHeterogeneity and ActorCulturalHeterogeneity. |
| Definition | "Economic heterogeneity refers to differences in capital assets, livelihoods, income and other economic endowments. These differences can make it more or less difficult for people to communicate, trust and co-operate with each-other. Low: There is little heterogeneity in the economic status of the members of these groups. Analogous to a Gini coefficient less than 0.3 Medium: Moderate economic heterogeneity. There is a distinguishable upper class, but this does not have a great majority of the available wealth. Analogous to a Gini coefficient between 0.3 and 0.5 High: There is enough heterogeneity that there are distinguishable subgroups with substantial differences in their economic endowments. A very small percentage of the members have a majority of the available wealth. Analogous to a Gini coefficient greater than 0.5" |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|---|
| Economic heterogeneity and collective action | High |
Associated Studies
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | Low (1) | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Low (1) | Generally, the socio-economic status of recreational fishers is homogeneous |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | Low (1) | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | Medium (2) | Some fishermen clearly have more assets and have been able to move into the tourism sector - costs minimum of US$50,000 to convert vessel - some have been able to afford this, indicating medium heterogeneity |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | High (3) | Cruise ship tourism versus local guides etc - coded as high. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | Comparatively the Bajau are a homogenous group, but there are differences in assets within communities. Coded as low as these differences are probably not as explicit as would be seen in a less marginalised group. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | Comparatively the Bajau are a homogenous group, but there are differences in assets within communities. Coded as low as these differences are probably not as explicit as would be seen in a less marginalised group. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | Comparatively the Bajau are a homogenous group, but there are differences in assets within communities. Coded as low as these differences are probably not as explicit as would be seen in a less marginalised group. |
| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B | Missing | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | High (3) | There are quite likely substantial differences in wealth & income between ‘expedition’ cruise operators, where each boat holds < 200 people starts & ends in the main town of Longyearbyen, versus the ‘overseas’ cruise operators, where boats hold upwards of 2000 people, and visit Svalbard as part of a longer cruise. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Medium (2) | There are a variety of different types of commercial fishers (line, net, trawl, etc) which operate with different levels of profit. In addition, larger boats tend to be more profitable than smaller boats (Taylor-Moore 2000). |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Medium (2) | Fishing businesses vary from small scale, employing a single operator in a single fishery, to vertically-integrated companies that employ a range of people in catching, processing, wholesaling and operating across a range of fisheries with some fishers holding multiple entitlements across fisheries. Net economic returns across fisheries have been reported to vary markedly from highly profitable, to marginal, or even negative (Australia 2010). |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Medium (2) | There are quite likely substantial differences in economics between ‘expedition’ cruise operators, where each boat holds < 200 people starts & ends in the main town of Longyearbyen, versus the ‘overseas’ cruise operators, where boats hold upwards of 2000 people, and visit Svalbard as part of a longer cruise. |
| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G | Missing | |
| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H | Missing | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Low (1) | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Low (1) | My guess is low since all of them belong to the same sector within the same region - artisanal fishers |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Low (1) | My guess is low since all of them belong to the same sector within the same region - artisanal fishers. |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Low (1) | |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | High (3) | Falkland Islanders are fairly wealthy. Spanish officers do well. Fishermen make perhaps more than they would in their own countries, but not super well. Crew not always treated humanely. |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | Medium (2) | Crew make far less, but make minimum wage. |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | Medium (2) | Captains are generally somewhat wealthy, while crew are taken care of but not as high of income. |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | Low (1) | Almost all farmers live in poor socioeconomic conditions. |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | Low (1) | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | Medium (2) | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | Low (1) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | High (3) | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Low (1) | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Low (1) | |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | High (3) | Recreational users vary widey, from users shore based whale watching to sailboat owners privately observing. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Low (1) | Researcher's economic status varies somewhat based on the level of their position and funding sources, but does not vary much. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Low (1) | Generally, the socio-economic status of recreational fishers is homogeneous |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Low (1) | Researcher's economic status varies somewhat based on the level of their position and funding sources, but not by much. |
| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A | Missing | |
| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C | ||
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | Assume fairly similar |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | High (3) | International liveaboards versus local home-stays |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | Assume similar |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | Low (1) | Some operations (e.g. live fish, trawlers) are much more lucrative than smaller-scale fishermen (e.g. hook and line) |
| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F | Missing | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Medium (2) | Fishing businesses vary from small scale, employing a single operator in a single fishery, to vertically-integrated companies that employ a range of people in catching, processing, wholesaling and operating across a range of fisheries with some fishers holding multiple entitlements across fisheries. Net economic returns across fisheries can vary markedly from highly profitable, to marginal, or even negative. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | Medium (2) | There was a restructuring of the shrimp fishing fleet before the snapshot, from numerous smaller vessels to fewer larger vessels. Therefore, the vessels used are similar, but fishermen included people from many countries around the world. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Medium (2) | Fishing businesses vary from small scale, employing a single operator in a single fishery, to vertically-integrated companies that employ a range of people in catching, processing, wholesaling and operating across a range of fisheries with some fishers holding multiple entitlements across fisheries. Net economic returns across fisheries have been reported to vary markedly from highly profitable, to marginal, or even negative (Australia 2010). |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D | Missing | |
| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E | Missing |