| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "New Order" Indonesian Forest Governance System, 1965-1998 | Yes | The scale of the governance system is the entire archipelago of Indonesia. Arguably, this contains multiple smaller forest commons, which could be seen as a scale mismatch (i.e. each smaller forest area could have a separate governance system), but we think it makes more sense to think of the forest as the entire archipelago's forest as well. |
|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "Reformasi" Indonesian Forest Governance System, 1998-2012 | Yes | The scale of governance - the entire country divided into smaller administrative units - can be conceptualized as being the same as the forest area. |
|---|
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Governance System | No | Eastern ABFT are known to cross the 45th meridian, which is used to formally distinguish between the Eastern and Western stock. |
|---|
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Governance System | No | Eastern ABFT are known to cross the 45th meridian, which is used to formally distinguish between the Eastern and Western stock. |
|---|
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Governance System | No | Eastern ABFT are known to cross the 45th meridian which marks the formal governance boundary. |
|---|
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Montreal Protocol | Yes | |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Marine Park Act 1975-1999 | Yes | The GBRMP encompasses all of the Great Barrier Reef. However, land-based and other external influences still affect the Reef |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Marine Park Act 2004-current | Yes | The GBRMP encompasses all of the Great Barrier Reef. However, land-based and other external influences still affect the Reef |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Marine Park Act 1975-1999 | Yes | |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Marine Park Act 2004-current | Yes | Scale matching is improved compared to 1975-1999 due to the representative areas programme. |
|---|
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Pre-Montreal Protocol Ozone Governance | No | National-level regulations do not correspond to the global nature of the problem |
|---|
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi National Park 2008-current | Yes | MPA aligns with government boundaries but includes the entire coral reef structure |
|---|
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Act 2006 | Yes | Encompass a large range for a wide range of fish and their various life stages.
All coral reefs and surrounding areas are included in the MPA, which is remote and surrounded by deep water. However, main islands of Hawaii are not included, although there is considerable distance between the MPA and these islands. |
|---|
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Act 2006 | No | Somewhat - majority of the population are resident within the NWHI (distinct genetic sub-population) but many go to main Hawaiian islands where there are exposed to more threats (by-catch, pollution etc). Some go further afield.
http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/16285718/0 |
|---|
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | Joint Sanctuary Management Governance System | No | The Sanctuaries can regulate in sanctuary waters, the Coast Guard and NMFS can regulate in federal waters, but the commons, the humpback whale, migrates much farther than this governance system. |
|---|
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | Joint Sanctuary Management Governance System | Yes | The governance system encompasses a much larger area than is occupied by the rocky shores habitat, but is appropriate since multiple habitats influence each other. |
|---|
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Nature Reserve Management Plan | No | Light mantled albatross, including those that nest on Macquarie Island are found throughout the circumpolar region. The Macquarie Island Nature Reserve management plan protects breeding sites as well as some potential foraging areas. |
|---|
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery Management Plan | Yes | Although toothfish are capable of migrating outside of the areas governed by the toothfish fishery management plan; evidence suggests that the vast majority of tagged fish remain within 10 nautical miles of where they were initially captured. |
|---|
| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A Governance System | | |
|---|
| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B Governance System | Missing | |
|---|
| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C Governance System | Missing | |
|---|
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Governance System | Yes | Netowrk of MPAs across the region encompassing many coral reef areas |
|---|
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Governance System | Yes | Nesting beaches protected and taking of turtles are banned through the waters of Raja Ampat through shark sanctuary - although, not protected outside of these waters |
|---|
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Governance System | Yes | Many reef area are protected and some of the MPAs are completely no-take |
|---|
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Environmental Protection Act | Yes | Although the Nature Reserves do not encompass all polar bear habitat, they do encompass many of the important regions on Svalbard (and other the Hopen Reserve encompasses another important area). The governance system includes regulations for the main human activities around Svalbard. |
|---|
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Governance System 1998-current | Yes | GMR includes the shallow coastal waters surrounding the Galapagos archipelago where sea cucmbers reside. The fishery is now closed, but when it was open there was a mismatch and fishing was allowed in areas with high densities of sea cucumber |
|---|
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Governance System 1998-current | No | sharks are wide-ranging species, satellite tracking has found that hammerheads spend significant periods outside the protected waters of the GMR. Industrial fishers in international waters pose threats to sharks. |
|---|
| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F Governance System | Missing | |
|---|
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Plan of Management 2000 - 2005 and Management Plan 2005 - 2012 | No | Southern right whales are migratory - the scale of the Management Plans govern the area of the GABMP (CW) which includes important calving habitat for the southern right whale, but whales are not generally protected outside of this area |
|---|
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Environmental Protection Act | Yes | Regulations are determined for the Svalbard Fisheries Protection Zone in conjunction with the Barents Sea, which is appropriate because it is considered one stock. |
|---|
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Marine Park Management Plan | No | Major toothfish grounds are located outside of the MPA |
|---|
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Marine Park Management Plan | No | Although breeding habitat is fully protected; Royal penguins often travel outside of Macquarie Island and the Marine reserve to forage. |
|---|
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower MPA Act 2005 | No | Approximately 50% of coral reefs in this region are in no entry/take zones. |
|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fishery Management Plan | No | Light Mantled Albatross have a circumpolar distribution. |
|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan | No | While the management plan provide land-based protection (for potential nesting sites) for Light Mantled Albatross, only a small portion of their foraging range is protected in the HIMI marine reserve. As a highly migratory bird species with a circumpolar distribution, their migratory range and foraging grounds extend into the French EEZ (and Kerguelen Island), the high seas and beyond. |
|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan | No | While the Marine Reserve Management Plan protects King Penguin nesting sites, it does not fully protect their foraging grounds, which extends into the French EEZ (around Kerguelen) and into the high seas (see e.g. Meyer et al. 2000). |
|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fishery Management Plan | No | Increasing evidence suggests that HIMI toothfish are part of a larger Kerguelen Plateau/South Indian Ocean population. This is supported by genetics (Appleyard et al. 2002, Appleyard et al. 2004), parasite fauna (see e.g., Brickle et al. 2005) and tag recapture studies (Williams et al. 2002; Duhamel and Welsford 2011). |
|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan | No | There is increasing evidence that HIMI toothfish are part of a larger Kerguelen Plateau/South Indian Ocean population and the MPA only protects a small proportion of areas important for toothfish life history (e.g., some juveniles areas). |
|---|
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Plan of Management 2000 - 2005 and Management Plan 2005 - 2012 | No | There are limited restrictions in the GABMP. Australian Sea Lions have been found to forage up to 75km offshore and individuals risk becoming bycatch in demersal gill nets when foraging in parts of the GABMP where fishing is permitted (Hamer et al. 2011) |
|---|
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Environmental Protection Act | No | Breeding grounds are protected, but foraging grounds are not |
|---|
| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D Governance System | Missing | |
|---|
| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E Governance System | Missing | |
|---|
| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G Governance System | Missing | |
|---|
| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H Governance System | Missing | |
|---|
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower MPA Act 2005 | No | Groupers are distributed throughout the caribbean and other parts of the Atlantic. |
|---|
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih governance system | Yes | It's a large area encompassing a wide variety of habitats but no take areas are small. |
|---|
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih governance system | Yes | It's a large area encompassing a wide variety of habitats but no take areas are small. |
|---|
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Quota Management System | Yes | Governance limited to EEZ and New Zealand. N. gouldi goes to Australia, but this larger distribution does not play a role. N. sloanii is only in New Zealand. |
|---|
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture | Yes | |
|---|
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture | | |
|---|
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Caeté-Taperaçú Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Brazil | No | |
|---|
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Self.organized rules and norms for SCUBA diving | Yes | |
|---|
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Marine Areas for Responsible Fishing (AMPRs) Costa Rica | No | |
|---|
| California squid | Governance | California Department of Fish and Wildlife Market Squid Fishery Management Plan | No | Squid migrate outside state waters, in federal waters, go to Oregon and Washington, and go to Mexico and Canada. |
|---|
| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | Rhine Chemicals Convention | Yes | |
|---|
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi National Park 2008-current | Yes | No-take zones aim to match up with locations for spawning |
|---|
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi National Park 2008-current | No | Management actors monitor nesting beaches but access is not prohibited. No-take zones do not cover turtle migration routes as they are very small. Bans on harvesting of turtles are only enforced in the MPA but not beyond. Enforcement of these bans appears to be relatively lax within the MPA (see Clifton 2013) |
|---|
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Act 2006 | Yes | Lobsters don't move very far and all near-shore areas are protected. |
|---|
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery Management Plan | No | Light mantled albatross are spread throughout the circumpolar region. |
|---|
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Nature Reserve Management Plan | No | While the entirety of the breeding ground is protected by the nature reserve; royal penguins are resident for 7 months of the year and frequently forage far outside of the nature reserve (and marine park) |
|---|
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan | Yes | The Council oversees the entire Pacific, while California focuses on state waters. |
|---|
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Governance System 1998-current | No | Turtles are migratory species and not protected outside of the GMR |
|---|
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Plan of Management 2000 - 2005 and Management Plan 2005 - 2012 | No | The scale of the Management Plans governs the area of the GABMP (CW) which includes habitat for juvenile southern bluefine tuna but the tuna migrate outside of this governance system.
The MPA was designed before surveys of the benthic area were conducted but was designed to capture a range of habitat types. |
|---|
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Marine Park Management Plan | No | Light mantled albatross, including populations that nest on Macquarie Island are spread throughout the circumpolar region |
|---|
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Nature Reserve Management Plan | No | Patagonian toothfish occur within the Nature Reserve as the Aurora Trough fishing ground is just outside the boundary of the Nature reserve; However, they extend well beyond the boundaries of the nature reserve. |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Marine Park Act 2004-current | Yes | The 2004 re-zoning plan protects the most important nesting areas, along with 5-10km of the surrounding ocean, in addition to 20% of the main foraging areas. Since turtles show strong site fidelity to nesting areas, protecting important nesting sites therefore protects a critical stage of the turtle’s life cycle. As a migratory species, the GBR does not encompass the entire range of green turtles, but it does protect a substantial amount of important habitat. Dobbs (2007) notes that authorities do not know of any specific migration pathways, so these were not included in the zoning analysis. |
|---|
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | The Falkland Islands Government (FIG) Fisheries Department’s Falklands Interim Conservation and Management Zone (FICZ) | Yes | Lolgio gahi are most frequently found in the area managed by the Falkland Islands. Key life stages are protected, and areas that are outside the FIG jurisdiction but within L. gahi distribution are less abundant waters. |
|---|
