Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | 51-60% of peak stock or 41-50% of maximum pollution level (6) | Estimates of forest cover for 1998 are not available, but for 2000, estimates place forest cover at just above 50% |
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Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | 41-50% of peak stock or 51-60% of maximum pollution level (5) | Continued decline from 2000 has resulted in a loss of about 8-10% of forests in Indonesia over the last decade (see Hansen et al. 2013; FAO 2014) |
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Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Gulf of Nicoya fisheries | Missing | |
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Galapagos Marine Reserve | Biophysical | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | | |
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Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | 11-20% of peak stock or 81-90% of maximum pollution level (2) | |
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Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | 71-80% of peak stock or 21-30% of maximum pollution level (8) | |
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Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | 51-60% of peak stock or 41-50% of maximum pollution level (6) | |
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Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | 0-10% of peak stock or 91-100% of maximum pollution level (1) | The ozone hole was approximately 24.7 million km2, 92.9% of its peak. Once again it must be noted that this was expected. |
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Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone Depleting Substances | 91-100% of peak stock or 0-10% of maximum pollution level (10) | Production of ODS fell to approximately 2% of peak levels. |
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Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substances | 91-100% of peak stock or 0-10% of maximum pollution level (10) | Emissions fell sharply to approximately 2% of their peak by 2012. |
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International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | Rhine Point source pollutants | 81-90% of peak stock or 11-20% of maximum pollution level (9) | This does not mean that the pollutant concentrations were already acceptable (which where not) |
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Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | 11-20% of peak stock or 81-90% of maximum pollution level (2) | |
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Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | 11-20% of peak stock or 81-90% of maximum pollution level (2) | Based on De'ath paper: http://www.pnas.org/content/109/44/17995.full |
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Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | 21-30% of peak stock or 71-80% of maximum pollution level (3) | |
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Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone Depleting Substances | 0-10% of peak stock or 91-100% of maximum pollution level (1) | Emissions of ODS peaked at the end of this snapshot |
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Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | | |
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Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Rocky Shores Ecosystem Health | 71-80% of peak stock or 21-30% of maximum pollution level (8) | Pisaster ochraceus was about 40% peak stock in 2010 (MLO, 2015). Biodiversity is affected by poaching (selected biodiversity loss) and so the condition report of 2009 suggested unknown trend in biodiversity. Key species are lower than expected (Condition Report 2009). Overall ecosystem has been healthy over this time period, so believed to have stayed the same. |
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Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | 71-80% of peak stock or 21-30% of maximum pollution level (8) | |
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Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substances | 91-100% of peak stock or 0-10% of maximum pollution level (10) | Emissions are thought to have peaked at the end of this time period. |
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Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | 0-10% of peak stock or 91-100% of maximum pollution level (1) | Depleted fishery.
Post-fishery survey in 2005 estimated density of 0.03 ind/m2 (Hearn et al 2005) |
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Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | 61-70% of peak stock or 31-40% of maximum pollution level (7) | Estimates suggest that the spawning stock biomass was between 60% and 70% with a point estimate of 68% |
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Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | 91-100% of peak stock or 0-10% of maximum pollution level (10) | Estimates suggest there are approximately 1200 breeding pairs on Macquarie Island. It is important to note that this is not necessarily peak stock, but historical estimates are not available, but likely exceeded this figure. |
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Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Royal Penguin | 91-100% of peak stock or 0-10% of maximum pollution level (10) | Estimates suggest that population has remained around the 850,000 breeding pairs estimated in the 1980's, and possibly somewhat increased. |
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Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi coral cover | 31-40% of peak stock or 61-70% of maximum pollution level (4) | Hard coral cover is estimated to be around 35–40% (Clifton 2013) |
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Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi fish spawning | Missing | No data on the peak stock / baseline on the expected numbers of spawning fishes |
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Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Green Turtle | Missing | No baseline data |
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Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Lobster Fishery | 0-10% of peak stock or 91-100% of maximum pollution level (1) | Since the closure of the fishery there has been no evidence of recovery of either species (O’Malley 2009, 2011) so coded based on beginning condition was has experienced a 87% decline in CPUE before the start of this snap shot. |
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Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Green Turtle | | In 2010/2011: Quinta Playa 2339 nests laid, Bahia Barahona 1751 nests laid. (Espinoza 2011) |
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International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Biophysical | Rhine Non-point source pollutants | | |
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Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sharks | Missing | |
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Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Trophic Density | | No data for 'peak stock', but trophic density has always been high in this MPA and remains so at the end of the time period being coded. Considered a near pristine ecosystem. |
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Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Green Turtle | | 2012 = 425 nests/year (Kittenger et al. 2013) |
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Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Humpback Whale | 91-100% of peak stock or 0-10% of maximum pollution level (10) | With an estimate of 22,000 individual humpback whales in the North Pacific, some consider this at peak stock. (I understand there is some debate, need to dig further into this) |
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Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Coral Cover | 21-30% of peak stock or 71-80% of maximum pollution level (3) | Average hard coral cover is 30% (Purwanto et al. 2012). |
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Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Green Turtle | Missing | |
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Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Reef Fish | Missing | |
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Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Habitat | 71-80% of peak stock or 21-30% of maximum pollution level (8) | Slight improvements in relative spawning biomass of groundfish species (Miller et al. 2009). While historical trawling distribution is largely unknown, it is assumed the end of trawling on sensitive habitats has increased habitat health. |
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Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Polar Bear | | Unknown, but likely that population has increased slightly or remained the same during the snap shot.
Absence of direct data prevents a reliable answer. (See response about the Commons Condition Trend).
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Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Right Whale | 31-40% of peak stock or 61-70% of maximum pollution level (4) | The original, unexploited southern right whale population has been estimated to be from 55, 000 - 70, 000 whales in 1770. In 1997, it was estimated that 17%, or around 1200, of the global southern right whale population occurred in Australia (based on a global abundance of 7000) (IWC 2001). If this number is correct, the southern right whale population in Australian at the end of the time period being examined (2012) is 28 - 35 % of the original, unexploited population numbers (~3283 whales in 2012 compared to an original, unexploited population of 9, 350 - 11, 900 in Australia (based on IWC 17% estimation)). |
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Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp | 61-70% of peak stock or 31-40% of maximum pollution level (7) | Although Norwegians and Russians conducted independent surveys from 1980-2004, in 2004 they began a joint survey effort. Comparing the joint surveys with the country based survey likely provides useful results, but there may be discrepancies based on surveying locations and methodology. |
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Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Bluefin Tuna | 0-10% of peak stock or 91-100% of maximum pollution level (1) | The most recent assessment estimated that the biomass of fish 10 years and older in the SBT biological stock is at 6–9 % of unfished levels (CCSBT 2014). The most recent estimate of spawning stock biomass is 8–12 % of unfished levels (CCSBT 2014). There has been a slight improvement in the estimated biomass of fish 10 years and older since the last assessment in 2011 (CCSBT 2011) although, the biological stock is below the interim target level agreed by the CCSBT and a significant trend of improvements in biomass is yet to be detected. |
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Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower coral reefs | Missing | NO DATA |
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Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Green Turtle | Missing | It is difficult to accurately assess the entire population size only from nesting data, since fluctuations in the number of females who prepared to breed may not be indicative of population trends.
It is thought that the population of the Southern stock increased up to 2008, but now has started to reach a plateau (GBRMPA 2014).
There are concerns about the nesting status on Raine Island, a highly important nesting location for the Northern stock (Limpus et al 2003), which may indicate that the population has reached a plateau and is in the early stages of decline (GBRMPA 2014). |
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Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | 91-100% of peak stock or 0-10% of maximum pollution level (10) | It is impossible to accurately answer this question because there have been no albatross surveys at Heard Island since 2003/04 season. However, there is evidence that light mantled albatross are still at HIMI in significant numbers (a tourist cruise noted their presence in 2012; Heritage Island Expeditions Field Report 2012) and comparisons between counts in the 1950s and later surveys in 2001 and 2004 suggested the colonization of new nesting sites, which could indicate the population is stable and even increasing (see Woehler 2006). |
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Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | King Penguin | Missing | Original population size not known; also end condition not known due to lack of data. |
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Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | 61-70% of peak stock or 31-40% of maximum pollution level (7) | In 2011 (the most recent year for which there is an estimate), spawning stock biomass was estimated at 63% (~54,000 tonnes; CCAMLR 2013). Note that given the trend over time (which shows a reduction in the spawning stock biomass by about 2% per year), spawning stock biomass would likely be around 0.57% in 2014. |
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Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Sea Lion | 0-10% of peak stock or 91-100% of maximum pollution level (1) | 8 - The mean maximum total number of Australian sea lions counted (all age/sex classes) per
breeding sites in 2012 conducted along the Bunda Cliffs (GABMP) Mackay et al. 2013. Australian sea lion abundance in the Bunda Cliffs region, GAB Marine Park. Technical Report
Bunda Cliffs sub-population (GABMP) has experienced a 39% decline in mean maximum number of pups counted per site over 19 years, or ~64% decline over three generations |
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Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Kittiwake | | http://www.mosj.no/en/fauna/marine/black-legged-kittiwake.html |
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Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower groupers | | NO DATA |
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Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih coral cover | 31-40% of peak stock or 61-70% of maximum pollution level (4) | hard coral cover 40.5 ± 12.5 in 2011 (Mangubhai et al. 2012). |
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Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih target fish | Missing | No baseline data |
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Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian squid (Loligo gahi) | 81-90% of peak stock or 11-20% of maximum pollution level (9) | Seem to be doing well and stable, but can't say independent of fishing activity. No long term stock assessment. |
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New Zealand squid | Governance | Arrow Squid (Nototodarus spp.) | 91-100% of peak stock or 0-10% of maximum pollution level (10) | No stock assessment, but no evidence of change or any impact of fishing. While landings have decreased since the last decade, are about the same as from the beginning of the snapshot. |
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California squid | Governance | California market squid (Loligo opalescens) | 91-100% of peak stock or 0-10% of maximum pollution level (10) | No evidence stock decreased. Total landings 2005: 82,108 st Total landings 2014: 114,594 st |
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Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | Missing | |
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Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | | |
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Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Mangrove forest in Bragança, Brazil | Missing | |
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Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Coral reefs, coast and small-island on and surrounding Gili Trawangan, Indonesia | Missing | |
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