| Variable Type | Ordinal |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Natural Resource Unit, Natural Resource System |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Outcomes (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD |
| Question | What is the general trend in the condition (enhanced or degraded) of regulating services (e.g. climate, water regulation, disease regulation) derived from the commons during the time frame of this snapshot? |
| Select Options | 1 Worsened, 2 Mixed effects or remained the same, 3 Improving |
| Unit | |
| Role | |
| Importance | "The provisioning services provided by a commons is an important outcome of interest that project members can try to explain. Ecosystem services are a lens through which human benefits from ecosystems can be considered (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005, Daily et al. 2000). This question seeks to ascertain whether the condition of provisioning services has worsened, is mixed or remained the same, or improved for an actor group. The variable applies to all relevant cultural services of the resource and governance system for that actor group." |
| Definition | "This variable describes trends in the condition of regulating services provided by the commons in an interaction. Regulating services are defined by the Millennium Assessment (2005) as ""…the benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes, including: Air quality maintenance. Ecosystems both contribute chemicals to and extract chemicals from the atmosphere, influencing many aspects of air quality. Climate regulation. Ecosystems influence climate both locally and globally. For example, at a local scale, changes in land cover can affect both temperature and precipitation. At the global scale, ecosystems play an important role in climate by either sequestering or emitting greenhouse gases. Water regulation. The timing and magnitude of runoff, flooding, and aquifer recharge can be strongly influenced by changes in land cover, including, in particular, alterations that change the water storage potential of the system, such as the conversion of wetlands or the replacement of forests with croplands or croplands with urban areas. Erosion control. Vegetative cover plays an important role in soil retention and the prevention of landslides. Water purification and waste treatment. Ecosystems can be a source of impurities in fresh water but also can help to filter out and decompose organic wastes introduced into inland waters and coastal and marine ecosystems. Regulation of human diseases. Changes in ecosystems can directly change the abundance of human pathogens, such as cholera, and can alter the abundance of disease vectors, such as mosquitoes. Biological control. Ecosystem changes affect the prevalence of crop and livestock pests and diseases. Pollination. Ecosystem changes affect the distribution, abundance, and effectiveness of pollinators. Storm protection. The presence of coastal ecosystems such as mangroves and coral reefs can dramatically reduce the damage caused by hurricanes or large waves.""" |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | Worsened (1) | Declining forest cover led to a decline in the ability of this system to provide all forms of ecosystem services in this time period. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | Worsened (1) | Less forests means less regulating services available. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve | Biophysical | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | Not Applicable | |
| Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | Worsened (1) | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Effect based on zoning system, which is what GBRMPA and QPWS use for management. At the scale of the whole reef, too much land-based run-off (sedimentation, nutrients) negatively affects coral cover. Locally, though, no-take areas can increase coral cover by maintaining a healthy ecosystem. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Effect based on zoning system, which is what GBRMPA and QPWS use for management. At the scale of the whole reef, too much land-based run-off (sedimentation, nutrients) negatively affects coral cover. Locally, though, no-take areas can increase coral cover by maintaining a healthy ecosystem. |
| Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | Worsened (1) | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | ||
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Resilience may be improving. But outcomes for biodiversity are mixed |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Another sea cucmber is present and not fished which appears to be fulfilling the same ecological role (e.g. nutrient cycling) - although detailed ecological interactions and ecosystem service rpovisions are not well understood so it may be too early to tell the system-level impacts. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | Not Applicable | |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | Not Applicable | |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Royal Penguin | Not Applicable | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi coral cover | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Destruction of reefs from blast and poison fishing are not so extensive as to have significantly impacted the regulating services of the reefs. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi fish spawning | Not Applicable | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Lobster Fishery | Not Applicable | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sharks | Not Applicable | |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Trophic Density | Not Applicable | |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Humpback Whale | Not Applicable | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Rocky Shores Ecosystem Health | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Erosion has remained the same (not mentioned as an ecosystem which has led to less or more erosion). |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Coral Cover | Not Applicable | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Reef Fish | Not Applicable | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Habitat | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Polar Bear | Not Applicable | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Right Whale | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp | Not Applicable | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Bluefin Tuna | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower coral reefs | Worsened (1) | Coral reef is an important contributor to proper ecosystem functioning. Decrease in the live coral cover suggests that its role in ecosystem functioning greatly diminished. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | Not Applicable | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | King Penguin | Not Applicable | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | Not Applicable | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Sea Lion | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Kittiwake | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower groupers | Not Applicable | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih coral cover | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Assume the regualting services from coral reefs remain the same as no major changes reported for the reefs |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih target fish | Not Applicable | |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian squid (Loligo gahi) | Not Applicable | |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | Arrow Squid (Nototodarus spp.) | Not Applicable | |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid (Loligo opalescens) | Not Applicable | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | ||
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Mangrove forest in Bragança, Brazil | Missing | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Coral reefs, coast and small-island on and surrounding Gili Trawangan, Indonesia | Missing | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Gulf of Nicoya fisheries | Missing |