| Variable Type | Ordinal |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Natural Resource Unit, Natural Resource System |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Outcomes (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD, Fiji fisheries |
| Question | What is the general trend in the condition (enhanced or degraded) of provisioning services (e.g., food, water, fiber, fuel) derived from this commons during the time frame of this snapshot? |
| Select Options | 1 Worsened, 2 Mixed effects or remained the same, 3 Improving |
| Unit | |
| Role | |
| Importance | "The provisioning services provided by a commons is an important outcome of interest that project members can try to explain. Ecosystem services are a lens through which human benefits from ecosystems can be considered (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005, Daily et al. 2000). This question seeks to ascertain whether the condition of provisioning services has worsened, is mixed or remained the same, or improved for an actor group. The variable applies to all relevant cultural services of the resource and governance system for that actor group." |
| Definition | "This variable describes trends in the condition of provisioning services provided by the commons in an interaction. Provisioning services are defined by the Millennium Assessment (2005) as ""…products obtained from ecosystems, including: Food and fiber. This includes the vast range of food products derived from plants, animals, and microbes, as well as materials such as wood, jute, hemp, silk, and many other products derived from ecosystems. Fuel. Wood, dung, and other biological materials serve as sources of energy. Genetic resources. This includes the genes and genetic information used for animal and plant breeding and biotechnology. Biochemicals, natural medicines, and pharmaceuticals. Many medicines, biocides, food additives such as alginates, and biological materials are derived from ecosystems. Ornamental resources. Animal products, such as skins and shells, an flowers are used as ornaments, although the value of these resources is often culturally determined. This is an example of linkages between the categories of ecosystem services. Fresh water. Fresh water is another example of linkages between categories—in this case, between provisioning and regulating services.""" |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | Worsened (1) | Declining forest cover led to a decline in the ability of this system to provide all forms of ecosystem services in this time period. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | Worsened (1) | Less forests means less provisioning services available. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve | Biophysical | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | Worsened (1) | |
| Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | Not applicable. | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | Not Applicable | |
| Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | ||
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | Improving (3) | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | Worsened (1) | Fishery is now considered 'depleted' Many fishers have left the sector (and moved into tourism) |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Toothfish are the only resource harvested in the area, aside from bycatch. Catches have generally been stable over this time period. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | Not Applicable | |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Royal Penguin | Not Applicable | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi coral cover | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Impacts from local mining for lime-making is minimal |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi fish spawning | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Slight improvement in numbers of fish. E.g., from 48-95 and 95-123 at two spawning aggregation sites between 2011-2014 (Subhan 2014) http://www.reefresilience.org/case-studies/indonesia-mpa-management/ Interview confirmed a possible slight improvement in fish, but in light of a major decline before this snap shot |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Green Turtle | Worsened (1) | Reports that turtle populations have declined in the park (Julian Clifton pers comm)- but no solid evidence, from e.g. long-term monitoring |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Lobster Fishery | Not Applicable | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Green Turtle | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | turtle populations remain stable |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sharks | Not Applicable | |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Trophic Density | Not Applicable | |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Humpback Whale | Not Applicable | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Rocky Shores Ecosystem Health | Not Applicable | |
| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A Fish Resources | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Biomass in PHC is not significantly greater than open areas of the LMMA. |
| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B Fish Resources | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Targeted fish in PHC areas are not significantly greater than targeted fish resources within open areas of the LMMA. |
| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C Fish Resources | Improving (3) | There is significantly greater targeted fish biomass within the PHC as compared to open areas of the LMMA (p<0.10) |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Coral Cover | Not Applicable | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Reef Fish | Improving (3) | Local marine tenure is more secure and so food security of local communites has improved (M. Erdmann pers comm). |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Habitat | Worsened (1) | More regulations including limiting quotas have decreased how much fish are used for provisioning services. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Polar Bear | Not Applicable | |
| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F Fish Resources | Improving (3) | There is significantly greater targeted fish biomass within the PHC as compared to open areas of the LMMA (p<0.10) |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Right Whale | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp | Worsened (1) | For this snap-shot (2004-2012) the total shrimp catch has declined slightly (NAFO 2012a). Shrimp populations are considered at stable levels, but market prices have declined. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Bluefin Tuna | Worsened (1) | Stocks have declined |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower coral reefs | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | Not Applicable | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | King Penguin | Not Applicable | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Toothfish are the main resource harvested in the area, though icefish are also harvested. Toothfish catches have generally remained stable during the snapshot (between ~2400-2800 tonnes). Icefish catches have fluctuated wildly, but more as a result of their life history than as an effect of fishing. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Sea Lion | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Kittiwake | Not Applicable | |
| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D Fish Resources | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Biomass in PHC is not significantly greater than open areas of the LMMA. |
| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E Fish Resources | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Biomass in PHC is not significantly greater than open areas of the LMMA. |
| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G Fish Resources | Improving (3) | There is significantly greater targeted fish biomass within the PHC as compared to open areas of the LMMA (p<0.10) |
| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H Fish Resources | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Targeted fish in PHC areas are not significantly greater than targeted fish resources within open areas of the LMMA. |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower groupers | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Follows the Commons Condition Trend |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih coral cover | Not Applicable | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih target fish | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | An interview with Erdmann said slight improvements, and for the BHS trends appear stable so coded as no change rather than an increase due to lack of data to confirm increasing trend. Household marine tenure found to have declined in Cenderwasih 2010-2014 (WWF 2015) |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian squid (Loligo gahi) | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Stayed the same: sams general market of provisioning. |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | Arrow Squid (Nototodarus spp.) | Improving (3) | Have been able to expand to the global market. |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid (Loligo opalescens) | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | Increased in the middle, and went down again |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | Mixed effects or remained the same (2) | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Mangrove forest in Bragança, Brazil | Missing | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Coral reefs, coast and small-island on and surrounding Gili Trawangan, Indonesia | Missing | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Gulf of Nicoya fisheries | Missing |