| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | Forests were remote, and the construction of infrastructure, including roads, ports and processing plants was essential to the commercial exploitation of this resource. | |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | Increasing road construction allowed greater access to remote areas during this period, enabling the growth of export oriented plantations and timber extraction. Export oriented platnations (particularly palm oil) came to play an increasing role during this period. | |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve | Biophysical | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | Atlantic Bluefin Tuna are harvested by large industrial sized | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | Spotting planes have been used to locate tuna; storage facilities are used to store live tuna. | |
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| Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | The most significant technological development during this snapshot is the rapid development of substitutes for ozone depleting substances. Additional developments allowed scientists to better monitor ozone conditions. | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | Boats and diving or snorkeling gear are necessary for people to get to and see coral reefs. Coastal infrastructure (boat launches, marinas) are thus important. | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | Boats and diving or snorkeling gear are necessary for people to get to and see coral reefs. Coastal infrastructure (boat launches, marinas) are thus important. | |
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| Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | Use of CFCs and other ozone depleting substances for refrigeration, solvents, and other industrial uses has contributed to ODS emissions and ozone declines. | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | Fisheries gear technology changing. GPS and other tracking technology changing. Monitoring technology changing. | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | | |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | Sea cucmbers are fished easily with boats and limited equipment. They are then boiled, dried and salted. No high-tech equipment used in monitoring (on-board observers and GPS trackers). | |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | The ability to freeze fish onboard is important as the toothfish is sold in large part to markets in Japan and the US. The fishing vessels also used advanced fishing technologies to capture toothfish. | |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | Longline fishing boats; as well as other fishing activities can have a fairly significant impact on the light mantled albatross as well as other seabirds. Estimates suggest that 4,125 light mantled albatross were caught as bycatch by Japanese longliners between 1981-1986 (ACAP 2012). The toothfish fishery around Macquarie island includes rules designed to limit bycatch, and leads to a fisheries closure if 2 are taken in any one year, | |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Royal Penguin | Infrastructure has not had an appreciable impact on royal penguin populations on Macquarie Island. Penguin harvesting facilities have been closed for almost one hundred years and human settlements and facilities are concentrated on one area of the island. . | |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi coral cover | Destructive fishing technologies; Diving technologies | Some fishing technologies are destructive, including dynamite and cyanide. Boats allow access to the reef. Diving equipment is important both for the enjoyment of cultural ES from coral reefs, and also for ecological monitoring of coral cover. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi fish spawning | Low technology extraction. Diving equipment used to monitor numbers of fish in aggregations. | Relatively low-technology fishery associated with aggregating fish. Anything caught for live trade is kept in ponds rather than in sophisticated technologies. Nylon nets and mechanised fishing boats (Clifton 2013)
These include the introduction of cheap and durable nylon nets have enabled fishermen to operate individually rather than within groups organised by a limited number of net owners. Mechanised fishing boats increase the range of fishing grounds available to individuals and reduces the limitations imposed by seasonal climatic variations (Clifton 2013) |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Green Turtle | Use of nylon nets has increased (Clifton 2013) | Turtles caught opportunistically mainly by Bajau net fishers, and use of nylon nets has increased (Clifton 2013).
Infrastructure not a major driver of change in this environmental commons - no evidence to suggest that coastal development is a major impact or that resource users employ sophisticated technologies to harvest adult turtles or eggs. |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Lobster Fishery | | Lobsters are PIT tagged for capture, recapture surveys and long-term monitoring |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Green Turtle | satellite telemetry of turtles to understand migration routes. Capure-recapture surveys for population estimates | Turtles from Galapagos found to migrate to Central America and oceanic water SW of Galapagos (Seminoff et al. 2008) |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sharks | | |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Trophic Density | Research stations on Midway Atoll and Tern island Vessel Monitoring System | Researchers have conducted most of the research on biodiversity in the MPA |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Green Turtle | Research station on Midway Atoll and Turner Island, and temporary camps on other islands | Satellite tracking of turtles to understand migration routes
Genetic analysis to understand population dynamics |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Humpback Whale | Line-transect surveys, GPS, biopsy and photography, acoustic depth sounders, sonobuoys, satellite tags, cell phone applications, GIS | |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Rocky Shores Ecosystem Health | GPS is important for managing shipping lanes, and for monitoring projects. | |
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| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A Fish Resources | Missing | |
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| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B Fish Resources | Missing | |
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| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C Fish Resources | Missing | |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Coral Cover | Boats have been important for patroling the MPAs; many studies on endemism (genetics) - new species discovered increases the appeal of Raja Ampat as a destination for tourism | |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Green Turtle | beach patrols; alternative communal meat source | Beach patrols and enforcement for reducing poaching, in addition to the provision of an alternative communal meat source (pigs) |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Reef Fish | Community involvement | Community involvement in designation and management/monitoring of MPAs |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Habitat | Fuel-Efficient Vessels, GPS Devices, Depth-Fish finders, On-board refrigeration, Communication efforts (e.g. smart phones), Acoustic buoys, Ice capacities | |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Polar Bear | Boats, Helicopters, GPS | Travel to Svalbard, and especially the East Svalbard Nature Reserves, is often challenging due to the polar climate and sea-ice. Larger, more powerful boats with ice-breaking capabilities have increased accessibility to this region. Helicopters and GPS tags have enabled monitoring (although still very expensive) and spatial awareness of the population. |
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| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F Fish Resources | Missing | |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Right Whale | GPS and GIS, photography, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM), satellite tagging and biopsy collection, use of boats and aircrafts for research and monitoring | The infrastructure mentioned above have been used to study the distribution, abundance, population structure, survival, behaviour of Australian southern right whales.
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp | Larger Boats Multiple Trawls Other species and small shrimp are protected by mandatory sorting grids and by the temporary closing of areas with excessive by-catch | There has been a trend from many smaller fishing boats, to fewer larger fishing boats. Larger boats with greater horsepower and on-board freezing have allowed them to stay at sea for longer period of time. In addition, greater horsepower allows boats to tow two or three (or sometimes four) trawls simultaneously. Research surveys about population estimates use the same type of gear as fishermen. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Bluefin Tuna | Improved - boat technology, transportation/satellite technology, fishing technology | -fuel efficient vessels, refrigeration technology, GPS and tracking technology for fish finding
-mariculture technology improvements - transfer and containment of SBT
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower coral reefs | Underwater monitoring programs - used to assess the status of this commons. | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Green Turtle | All commercial vessels are equipped with a VMS (vessel monitoring system) which allows satellite tracking of the vessels. Trawls are required to have turtle excluder devices/bycatch reduction devices in order to reduce bycatch of turtles (and other large fauna). Scientists have commonly used satellite telemetry to better understand turtle movements and migration habits. | |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | Long-line fishing vessels | All albatross are highly vulnerable to being caught in long-line operations, but management measures have reduced albatross bycatch around Heard and McDonald Islands to almost zero. Four seabirds were killed in 2013, but none of them were light mantled albatross. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | King Penguin | Satellite technology has increasingly been used to monitor other penguin (and other animals) throughout the Southern Ocean, however, it can be costly and has not been used to monitor King Penguins on the Heard and McDonald Islands. The lack of infrastructure on the islands and difficulty in accessing them, provides management challenges. | |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | industrial vessels; sophisticated fishing gear; on board freezing technology | Using industrial fishing vessels makes it possible (and cost-effective) to travel such great distances (thousands of km) to access HIMI toothfish. Sophisticated fishing techniques make it possible to catch large quantities of toothfish (e.g., one longline can span 1800m; vessels can set 10-40,000 hooks per day; AFMA 2014). Freezing capacity on board, makes it possible to catch and store fish for extended periods of time and to ship them to distant markets (e.g., Japan and the United States). |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Sea Lion | | Pups are counted from cliffs - some are dificult to access, but no major use of technology |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Kittiwake | Travel to Svalbard, and especially the East Svalbard Nature Reserves, is often challenging due to the polar climate and sea-ice. Larger, more powerful boats with ice-breaking capabilities have increased accessibility to this region. | |
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| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D Fish Resources | | |
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| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E Fish Resources | Missing | |
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| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G Fish Resources | Missing | |
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| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H Fish Resources | Missing | |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower groupers | SCUBA | |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih coral cover | | |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih target fish | | No specific technology or infrastructure used in this case. |
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| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian squid (Loligo gahi) | Factory Trawlers, Electronic Logbooks, Radio, VMS | Processing occurs at sea. "fishery squid are cleaned, processed, and frozen at sea in 25 kg blocks for delivery to wholesaler clients. The blocks are prepared by packing the squid into freezer pans, whereby size categories are packed separately. Vessels typically use a scale of 6 to 8 categories, e.g., mantle lengths 7–10, 10–12, 12–16, 16–19, 19–22, and 22+ cm. Packing is done by hand, which implies some individual judgment by the vessel crew." (Winter and Arkhipkin 2015) |
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| New Zealand squid | Governance | Arrow Squid (Nototodarus spp.) | | Most important technology is SLED design and deployment. Many aspects to this that are debated and tested. Manufacturer works with industry to develop better floats, designs, depths, etc.
Recent innovative biomechanical testing and modelling (much like crash test dummy trials used to test vehicle safety) on the ability of Sea Lion Excluder Devices (SLEDs) to cause life-threatening mild traumatic brain injuries or concussion in sea lions (E.A. Abraham, unpublished data) suggests that the number of fishing-related fatalities is so low that uncertainty in productivity parameters is not as problematic as once thought (Cryer et al. 2016). |
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| California squid | Governance | California market squid (Loligo opalescens) | | Ports are key, as well as transportation and ice. Offload squid into trucks at dock. Vessels, round haul, fish finders, GPS important. |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | All canals are man made and need to be constantly maintained. | |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | | |
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| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Mangrove forest in Bragança, Brazil | Missing | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Coral reefs, coast and small-island on and surrounding Gili Trawangan, Indonesia | Artificial coral reef structures placed by humans. Sunken ships, statutes, bikes, waste, BioRock coral restoration sites. | |
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| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Gulf of Nicoya fisheries | Missing | |
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