Variable Type | Binary |
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Variable Component Type | Natural Resource Unit, Natural Resource System |
Variable Kind | Interaction |
Theme | Institutions (learn about themes) |
Projects | SESMAD, Fiji fisheries |
Question | Are there well-articulated markets for ecosystem services (specifically regulating and cultural services, but not provisioning services, which are covered by the variable "markets") produced by this resource? |
Select Options | |
Unit | |
Role | |
Importance | Markets for ecosystem services are becoming more popular as instruments to allocate goods and services in return for payment. |
Definition | Markets represent a subset of the many institutional arrangements that have developed over time for transferring rights. The fundamental characteristic of this subset is that it specializes in the exchange of property rights through mechanisms that require the mutual consent of parties involved (markets don't give orders) and that coordinate the decentralized decisions made by agents using the information provided through the price system. Ecosystem services are the benefits people derive from nature. This variable is in regards to regulating and cultural services, which are defined below: Regulating services are defined by the Millennium Assessment (2005) as "the benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes, including (1) Air quality maintenance. Ecosystems both contribute chemicals to and extract chemicals from the atmosphere, influencing many aspects of air quality. Climate regulation. Ecosystems influence climate both locally and globally. For example, at a local scale, changes in land cover can affect both temperature and precipitation. At the global scale, ecosystems play an important role in climate by either sequestering or emitting greenhouse gases. (2) Water regulation. The timing and magnitude of runoff, flooding, and aquifer recharge can be strongly influenced by changes in land cover, including, in particular, alterations that change the water storage potential of the system, such as the conversion of wetlands or the replacement of forests with croplands or croplands with urban areas. (3) Erosion control. Vegetative cover plays an important role in soil retention and the prevention of landslides. (4) Water purification and waste treatment. Ecosystems can be a source of impurities in fresh water but also can help to filter out and decompose organic wastes introduced into inland waters and coastal and marine ecosystems. (5) Regulation of human diseases. Changes in ecosystems can directly change the abundance of human pathogens, such as cholera, and can alter the abundance of disease vectors, such as mosquitoes. (6) Biological control. Ecosystem changes affect the prevalence of crop and livestock pests and diseases. Pollination. Ecosystem changes affect the distribution, abundance, and effectiveness of pollinators. (7) Storm protection. The presence of coastal ecosystems such as mangroves and coral reefs can dramatically reduce the damage caused by hurricanes or large waves." Cultural services are defined by the Millennium Assessment (2005) as "the nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences, including: (1) Cultural diversity. The diversity of ecosystems is one factor influencing the diversity of cultures. (2) Spiritual and religious values. Many religions attach spiritual and religious values to ecosystems or their components. (30 Knowledge systems (traditional and formal). Ecosystems influence the types of knowledge systems developed by different cultures. Educational values. Ecosystems and their components and processes provide the basis for both formal and informal education in many societies. (4) Inspiration. Ecosystems provide a rich source of inspiration for art, folklore, national symbols, architecture, and advertising. (5) Aesthetic values. Many people find beauty or aesthetic value in various aspects of ecosystems, as reflected in the support for parks, scenic drives, and the selection of housing locations. (6) Social relations. Ecosystems influence the types of social relations that are established in particular cultures. Fishing societies, for example, differ in many respects in their social relations from nomadic herding or agricultural societies. (7) Sense of place. Many people value the sense of place that is associated with recognized features of their environment, including aspects of the ecosystem. (8) Cultural heritage values. Many societies place high value on the maintenance of either historically important landscapes (cultural landscapes) or culturally significant species. (9) Recreation and ecotourism. People often choose where to spend their leisure time based in part on the characteristics of the natural or cultivated landscapes in a particular area." |
Sectors |
Theory Usages
Theory | Value Used |
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Associated Studies
Study Citation |
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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (Program) (Ed.), 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC. |
Case Usages
Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
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Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | No | There were not ecosystem service markets. |
Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | No | For most of this period, there were no markets for ecosystem services. In 2011 Indonesia signed an agreement with Norway to halt new forest concessions in exchange for money from Norway (see Edwards, Laurance & Koh, 2012; Sloan, Edwards & Laurance 2012, and others). This is sort of like a market, but is not a "well articulated market". |
Galapagos Marine Reserve | Biophysical | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | ||
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | Yes | |
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | No | |
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | Not Applicable | |
Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | Not Applicable | |
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | No | |
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | Yes | Tourism could be considered a cultural ecosystem service |
Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | Not Applicable | |
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | Yes | Fish markets for provisioning services. No markets for regulating services. |
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | Yes | Markets for provisioning services - fish. As well as for reef-based tourism of which fish play a part. |
Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | No | Sea cucmbers are important for nutrient cycling - but there is no articulated market for this |
Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | Yes | For provisioning services |
Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | No | |
Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Royal Penguin | No | |
Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi coral cover | Not Applicable | |
Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi fish spawning | Yes | There are markets for provisioning services - even if extraction of fish from spawning aggregations is prohibited. Tourism markets not focused on these fish. |
Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Green Turtle | Yes | There are well-articulated cultural services markets in tourism - although the Bajau are not involved. There are no markets for other ES, like PES / REDD. |
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Lobster Fishery | Not Applicable | |
Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Green Turtle | Yes | There are well-articulated cultural services markets in tourism |
Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sharks | Yes | well articulated tourism market |
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Trophic Density | No | Instrinsic value of area and preservation of cultural sites important to native Hawaiians, but no trading |
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Humpback Whale | Yes | Whale watching has become a lucrative business in this area. |
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Rocky Shores Ecosystem Health | No | Tourism exists, but not well articulated for rocky shores habitat. The value of the coastal trail is uncertain. |
Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A Fish Resources | No | |
Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B Fish Resources | No | |
Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C Fish Resources | No | |
Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Coral Cover | Yes | Tourism |
Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Green Turtle | Yes | Tourism |
Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Reef Fish | No | |
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Habitat | Yes | While there are provisioning services, no regulating service markets. However, groundfish habitat provides a cultural service market that is well defined by the tourism SCUBA industry. |
Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Polar Bear | Yes | The tourism market for appreciating/viewing polar bears is quite developed on Svalbard. |
Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F Fish Resources | No | |
Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Right Whale | Yes | There is a well-articulated cultural services market in tourism for whale watching from the cliffs at the Head of Bight. This whale watching location is not in the GABMP (CW) but the whales pass through the Park to reach the calving grounds below the cliffs at the Head of Bight. |
Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp | No | |
Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Bluefin Tuna | No | |
Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower coral reefs | Not Applicable | |
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Green Turtle | Yes | The GBR is well-recognized internationally as a great tourist destination, including turtle watching. |
Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | Yes | Tourism. |
Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | King Penguin | Yes | Tourism could be considered a cultural ecosystem service. |
Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Sea Lion | Yes | A substantial Sea Lion tourist industry has developed |
Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D Fish Resources | No | |
Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E Fish Resources | No | |
Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G Fish Resources | No | |
Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H Fish Resources | No | |
Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower groupers | Missing | NO DATA |
Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih coral cover | Not Applicable | |
Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih target fish | No | |
Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian squid (Loligo gahi) | No | Only provisioning services |
New Zealand squid | Governance | Arrow Squid (Nototodarus spp.) | No | No other services other than provisioning |
California squid | Governance | California market squid (Loligo opalescens) | No | no |
Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | Not Applicable | |
Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | ||
Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Mangrove forest in Bragança, Brazil | Yes | |
Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Coral reefs, coast and small-island on and surrounding Gili Trawangan, Indonesia | No | |
Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Gulf of Nicoya fisheries | Missing | |
Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Kittiwake | Yes | The tourism market for viewing wildlife is quite developed on Svalbard. |
Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | No regulating or cultural services produced by the resource. |