| Variable Type | Binary |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Natural Resource Unit, Natural Resource System |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Institutions (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD, Fiji fisheries |
| Question | Are there well-articulated illegal markets for goods produced by or associated with this resource that affect this particular commons? |
| Select Options | |
| Unit | |
| Role | |
| Importance | Existence or co-existence of illegal markets can make regulation and management of a commons more difficult. |
| Definition | A black market or underground economy means that goods or services are traded through illegal transactions (i.e., does not conform to the formal rules laid out by the governance system). |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|---|
| Bans and perverse incentives | Yes |
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | Yes | Large amounts of illegal timber were sold on domestic & international markets. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | Yes | illegally harvested wood from SE Asia, including Indonesia, plays a major role in global timber markets. See Dauvergne & Lister, 2011. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve | Biophysical | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | Yes | There is clear evidence that illegal transactions occur in an attempt to mask the origin of fish. Some estimates indicate that trade of ABFT exceeds the official quota by 40%. However, illegal trade may have increased in the 2000's |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | Yes | There is clear evidence that illegal transactions occur in an attempt to mask the origin of fish. Some estimates indicate that trade of ABFT exceeds the official quota by 40%. However, illegal trade may have increased in the 2000's |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | Yes | There is clear evidence that illegal transactions occur in an attempt to mask the origin of fish. Some estimates indicate that trade of ABFT exceeds the official quota by 40%. However, illegal trade may have increased in the 2000's |
| Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | No | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | No | |
| Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | N/A | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | No | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | Yes | Asian markets. (less so now as the fishery is depleted) |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | No | Black markets do not appear to be a significant issue for this particular stock of Patagonian toothfish; however IUU fishing is a major concern for the species as a whole. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | No | There is no evidence of a black market for light mantled albatross. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Royal Penguin | No | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi coral cover | No | Coral mining does occur - appears to be for local use and is limited (Cullen 2010). However, this activity is considered to be insignificant, given the availability and access to cheaper land rock from the islands in the park, and the limited evidence for coral mining in the park (Clifton 2013). |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi fish spawning | Yes | Some evidence of a live reef fish trade (of some prohibited species) in this area which may or may not select from the spawning aggregations (illegally). The black market issue is not considered to be of huge concern because access to market for resource users is limited. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Green Turtle | Yes | Some evidence of turtle trade (Clifton 2013) - although not a large market (Julian Clifton pers comm). |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Lobster Fishery | Not Applicable | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Green Turtle | No | Much of the illegal fishing that takes place in the Galapagos Marine Reserve targets sharks, tuna, and marlin - some by-catch of turtles but these are not the intended black market target |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sharks | Yes | Over 22,000 shark fins and 680 shark carcasses were seized between 1998 and 2006, from vessels, on the islands and at airports leaving Galapagos or arriving at mainland Ecuador (Reyes and Murillo 2007). |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Trophic Density | Not Applicable | |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Humpback Whale | No | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Rocky Shores Ecosystem Health | No | Most are for personal use, and any illegal market is not well-articulated. |
| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A Fish Resources | No | |
| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B Fish Resources | No | |
| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C Fish Resources | No | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Coral Cover | Not Applicable | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Green Turtle | No | Poaching has been dramatically reduced and main beaches are now monitored so coded as no |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Reef Fish | Yes | Live fish trade |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Habitat | No | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Polar Bear | No | May exist, but none mentioned/identified. |
| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F Fish Resources | No | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Right Whale | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp | No | May exist, but none mentioned/identified. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Bluefin Tuna | Yes | Yes black markets for SBT, but not within the GAB MPA. Japanese traders had “laundered” SBT by importing it as cheaper species and then renaming it at the marketplace. There was a minimum of $6-7 billion (Australian dollars) of illegal catch. I was unable to find a copy of the report but it is titled the Independent Review of Japanese SBT Market Data Anomalies. As a result of the report’s findings Japanese quotas of SBT were cut by half. |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower coral reefs | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Green Turtle | Missing | Although there have been efforts to curb black market sales of turtle eggs and meat, they may still exist. Uncertain as to the size of black markets. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | No | No evidence of black market for Light Mantled Albatross. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | King Penguin | No | There are no known black markets for King Penguins. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | Yes | While IUU fishing for Patagonia toothfish has been drastically reduced (see e.g., Osterblom et al. 2015), it still persists in some areas and due to the high demand and price for toothfish, black markets still persist. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Sea Lion | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Kittiwake | Not Applicable | |
| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D Fish Resources | No | |
| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E Fish Resources | No | |
| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G Fish Resources | No | |
| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H Fish Resources | No | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower groupers | Missing | NO DATA |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih coral cover | Not Applicable | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih target fish | Yes | Ornamental fish trade and grouper live capture Erdmann pers comm. |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian squid (Loligo gahi) | No | Illegal market yet, but not very big (usually incidental catch) |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | Arrow Squid (Nototodarus spp.) | No | No evidence |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid (Loligo opalescens) | No | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | Not Applicable | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Mangrove forest in Bragança, Brazil | Missing | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Coral reefs, coast and small-island on and surrounding Gili Trawangan, Indonesia | No | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Gulf of Nicoya fisheries | Missing |