| Variable Type | Binary |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Natural Resource Unit, Natural Resource System |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Institutions (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD, Fiji fisheries |
| Question | Are there well-articulated markets for goods produced by or associated with this commons that affect this particular commons? |
| Select Options | |
| Unit | |
| Role | |
| Importance | Markets are a governance structure for allocating bundles of property rights concerning resources and components or products of social-ecological systems to actors. They may be part of larger governance systems concerning a resource system. Their functioning provides a way of articulating value concerning the resource, components or products thereof. Property rights to resources, their components and products co-determine the monetary valuation of these assets. |
| Definition | “Markets represent a subset of the many institutional arrangements that have developed over time for transferring rights. The fundamental characteristic of this subset is that it specializes in the exchange of property rights through mechanisms that require the mutual consent of parties involved (markets don’t give “orders”) and that coordinate the decentralized decisions made by agents using the information provided through the price system” (Menard 2005). |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|---|
| Marginalization and degradation | Present |
| Cap-and-trade policies | Present |
| Market-driven resource decline | Present |
| Roving banditry | Present |
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | Yes | There were well articulated markets for forest products |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | Yes | Forest products are traded internationally & locally, and are part of well articulated markets. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve | Biophysical | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | Yes | |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | Yes | |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | Yes | |
| Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | No | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | No | tourism |
| Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | Yes | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | Yes | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | Yes | At the start of the time period being coded there were, but now the fishery is closed and stocks are so low they are no longer profitable for a regular export trader to be in place. Two sea cucumber export companies are registered in the Galapagos and control a large amount of the market. There are more than 20 companies and people registered in mainland Ecuador that purchase sea cucumbers and export them to Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. (Bremmer & Perez, 2002) |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | Yes | Toothfish resources are sold on global markets, dominated by US and Japan. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | No | There are no markets for light mantled albatross |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Royal Penguin | No | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi coral cover | Yes | Small market for lime from corals |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi fish spawning | Yes | Most of the resources extracted are for local subsistence. Some also traded in district-level markets with the exception of the small live reef fish trade. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Green Turtle | No | Majority of fish catch is for subsistence (Exton 2010) - assume same for turtles. Although there is evidence of illegal trade (Clifton 2013) this is not considered to be large. TNC appear to have a programme to pay locals to monitor nesting turtles - but these are not Bajau: http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/asiaandthepacific/indonesia/explore/safe-haven-for-turtles.xml |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Lobster Fishery | Not Applicable | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sharks | No | |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Trophic Density | No | Area is no take |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Humpback Whale | Yes | Yes, the tourism industry, particularly whale-watching and kayaking, are well-articulated markets for humpback whales in the Sanctuaries. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Rocky Shores Ecosystem Health | No | The value of the coastal trail is uncertain, but likely high in terms of attracting tourists. |
| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A Fish Resources | Yes | Middlemen live within 5km of the village. |
| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B Fish Resources | Yes | Middlemen live near or within a few kilometers of the community. |
| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C Fish Resources | Yes | Middlemen live within or near the village. |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Coral Cover | No | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Green Turtle | Not Applicable | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Reef Fish | Yes | predominantly local subsistence, but some commercial fishing |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Habitat | Yes | Producers are well defined and while markets shift, they are well-established. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Polar Bear | No | Goods no longer produced. (Prior to 1973, hunting yielded polar bear fur/pelts). |
| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F Fish Resources | Yes | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Right Whale | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp | Yes | Market for cod, which is predates on shrimp |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Bluefin Tuna | Yes | Farming Southern bluefin tuna is currently the single most valuable sector of South Australia’s aquaculture industry. Over the past decade the farmed sector has grown to the point where around 98% of the Australian southern bluefin tuna quota is now farmed. |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower coral reefs | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Green Turtle | No | Goods (i.e. eggs, meat, shells) are no longer harvested for market. Some Traditional harvesting is permitted, but these harvests are not part of formal markets. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | No | There are no markets for goods produced. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | King Penguin | No | There is no known market for King Penguins. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | Yes | Patagonian toothfish are sold in upscale markets and restaurants as "Chilean sea bass" throughout the world, particularly in the USA and Japan. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Sea Lion | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Kittiwake | No | |
| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D Fish Resources | Yes | |
| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E Fish Resources | Yes | |
| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G Fish Resources | No | |
| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H Fish Resources | No | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower groupers | Yes | These are important commercial species. |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih coral cover | No | Tourism - high-end liveabord - is increasing in the area. Currently 6–10 dive liveaboard vessels. |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih target fish | Yes | predominantly local subsistence, but some commercial fishing |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian squid (Loligo gahi) | Yes | Primarily European (Spain) market, some South Africa, India, USA |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | Arrow Squid (Nototodarus spp.) | Yes | |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid (Loligo opalescens) | Yes | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | Not Applicable | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Mangrove forest in Bragança, Brazil | Yes | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Coral reefs, coast and small-island on and surrounding Gili Trawangan, Indonesia | Missing | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Gulf of Nicoya fisheries | Yes |