| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | No | Although there is little evidence of climate impacts, large forest fires in 1997 were triggered in part be a severe El Nino, which may have been related to a changing climate. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Forests in Indonesia | No | Although climate change may have increased the severity of droughts - and thus of fires - in Indonesia during this period, it is not clear that this has had a major effect on the resource. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve | Biophysical | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | No | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | No | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | Eastern Atlantic Bluefin Tuna | No | |
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| Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | No | Many ODS are also greenhouse gases, but climate change itself has not affected ozone concentrations. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | Yes | Extensive coral bleaching occurred during the 97-98 El Nino. There is concern about cyclone damage to the reefs. Both El Nino events and cyclones (and associated rainfall events that cause sedimentation) are likely influenced by climate change. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR coral cover | Yes | Coral bleaching, cyclones, crown of thorns seastar outbreaks are among the stressors thought to be influenced by climate change |
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| Montreal Protocol | Biophysical | Ozone | No | Many ODS are also greenhouse gases, but climate change itself has not affected ozone concentrations. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | No | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR target fish | Yes | Temperature anomalies and extreme events can temporarily and more permanently disrupt fish distributions. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sea Cucumber | | El nino does affect sea cucumber reproduction and recruitment.
El Nino in 1997/1998 caused huge increased in recruitment in 2001/2002 years (Schuhbauer et al 2010) |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | No | There is no evidence that toothfish stocks at Macquarie Island have been influenced by climate change, but Trathan and Agnew (2010) suggest that toothfish recruitment is sensitive to changes in sea surface temperature and could therefore be affected by future changes. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | Missing | Although there is some evidence that population at Crozet Island respond to changes in sea surface temperature (Barbraud et al. 2012); no evidence has linked climate change to the population on Macquarie Island, and the population has remained stable. Climate change does, however, remain a potential threat. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi coral cover | Yes | Bleaching event in 2010. 65% of corals were affected by the bleaching but mortality was estimated at less than 5% (Wilson et al 2012):
https://www.conservationgateway.org/Files/Pages/study-2010-coral-bleachin.aspx#sthash.M8E4LV7y.dpuf |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Green Turtle | | Climate change is known to affect green turtles through e.g. erosion of nesting beaches, changes in sex ratios, and changes to feeding habitats and patterns. But no data on these impacts from WNP |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Lobster Fishery | No | no evidence of this |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Sharks | | |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Trophic Density | No | no evidence for climate impacts on trophic density
(first mass coral bleaching in NWHI recorded in 2002) |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Green Turtle | No | Sea level rise threatens to erode coastal habitat, including nesting habitat. The majority of nesting occurs on French Frigate Shoals, a low-lying atoll vulnerable to increases in sea level (Baker et al. 2006). However, there is evidence of long term accretion of islands, so that this effect may be somewhat mitigated (Webb and Kench 2010). |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Humpback Whale | Yes | Humpback whales have been observed in more northern waters than traditionally been observed before (e.g. humpback whales have been documented in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas off the arctic coast of Alaska) (Hashagen et al. 2009, NRDC 2008).
Climate change could expose humpback whales to new or more diseases, mostly in their feeding grounds, as those habitats have been observed to increase in diseases (IWC 2007). Habitat and food availability are concerns. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Rocky Shores Ecosystem Health | Yes | Diseases associated with higher temperatures have been depleting populations in this area (Hewson et al. 2014). Oxygen minimum zones are thought to play a role as well. Species expansions have been observed, as southern California species that were rare or never found in Northern California in 1930 were then quite abundant in the Sanctuaries in 1990 (Osborn et al. 2005). |
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| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A Fish Resources | No | There is no evidence that climate change has effected this resource during this time period. |
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| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B Fish Resources | No | |
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| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C Fish Resources | No | |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Coral Cover | Yes | Evidence of coral bleaching in certain MPAs in 2009-2011 at the Kofiau and Boo Isles area (Purwanto et al. 2012). |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Green Turtle | No | No evidence, but climate change is known to impact turtles |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Reef Fish | No | no evidence of climate change impacts of reef fish |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Habitat | Yes | Some species have been noted to decline sharply during periods of low oxygen zones (Keller et al. 2015). Climate change will have known impacts on the groundfish fishery, but to which attribution of currently affecting the species is less documented (Hamel et al. 2012). |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Polar Bear | Yes | Although the answer is very likely “yes”, it is difficult to directly attribute climate change to the status of the population, especially since there is little literature which directly assesses the polar bear population numbers. In addition, it remains difficult to determine the long-term trend over a short time period (2004-2012), in an environment with considerable interannual variability; Derocher et al (2005) found that polar body mass (an index of health) correlates with the Arctic Oscillation Index.
Studies have shown that later arrival of sea-ice in the fall was correlated with lower body mass of adult females, and of their cubs upon emergence in the spring (Stirling et al 1999, Derocher et al 2011). A report by the Polar Institute (2014) notes that Hopen Island used to be a favoured denning site, and suggests that females no longer den in this location because autumn sea-ice no longer extends so far south. Climate change is likely to be highly important in the future as the seasonal sea-ice extent changes (Hunter et al 2010).
|
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| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F Fish Resources | No | |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp | Yes | Data suggests that the shrimp population has been moving slightly eastward in recent years towards due to warming waters (NAFO 2012a). |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Bluefin Tuna | No | For the time period being examined there is no evidence or records that the GABMP (CW) southern bluefin tuna have been affected. |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower coral reefs | Missing | NO DATA |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Light Mantled Albatross | Missing | Climate change has caused phenological changes in many other seabirds, especially penguins and including some albatross, but there is no information specifically on light-mantled albatross. (See Chambers et al. 2013; Chambers et al. 2014) |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | King Penguin | Yes | See above. While data is not available for King Penguins at HIMI, King Penguins (in general) forage at the Polar Front, making them vulnerable to climate change. King Penguin populations at Crozet Island have been recorded traveling further north in response, with a variety of energetic and reproductive consequences. While explicit data for the effects of climate change on King Penguins at HIMI is not available, it is reasonable to assume that climate change is having an impact on their foraging and/or reproductive cycle. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Patagonian Toothfish | No | There is no indication that climate change has impacted HIMI toothfish, however Trathan and Agnew (2010) suggest that toothfish recruitment is sensitive to changes in sea surface temperature and could be affected by future changes. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Sea Lion | No | |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Kittiwake | No | The species is potentially threatened by climate change because it has a geographically bounded distribution: its global distribution is restricted to within c.10o latitude from the polar edge of continent and within which 20-50% of current vegetation type is projected to disappear under doubling of CO2 levels (BirdLife International, unpublished data). |
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| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D Fish Resources | No | |
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| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E Fish Resources | No | |
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| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G Fish Resources | No | |
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| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H Fish Resources | No | |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower groupers | Missing | NO DATA |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih coral cover | Yes | In 2010–2011 Cendrawasih Bay experienced large scale bleaching with some reefs recording 90% mortality
(Mangubhai et al. 2012). Recovery has been good
http://blog.conservation.org/2011/11/tagging-whale-sharks-in-indonesia-conclusion/
|
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih target fish | No | no evidence of climate change impacts of reef fish |
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| New Zealand squid | Governance | Arrow Squid (Nototodarus spp.) | No | No evidence |
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| California squid | Governance | California market squid (Loligo opalescens) | No | No evidence. |
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| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Mangrove forest in Bragança, Brazil | Missing | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Coral reefs, coast and small-island on and surrounding Gili Trawangan, Indonesia | Yes | Coral bleaching |
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| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Gulf of Nicoya fisheries | Yes | |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Royal Penguin | No | At present there is no evidence that Royal Penguin have been affected by climate change during this snapshot. However between the 1960's and 1980's the date at which eggs are layed has come three days earlier. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi fish spawning | No | No evidence of these impacts yet. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Green Turtle | Yes | Climatic events have had an impact on nesting turtles, particularly el nino/nina events |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Southern Right Whale | No | There is evidence that climate variability affects reproductive output in southern right whales in Australia with El Nino events shown to lead to decreased calf production in a later year (Australia 2012). It is predicted that as Antarctic feeding grounds warm up, the average calving rate of southern right whales will decline (Leaper et al. 2006) – these are predictions and these trends have not been observed yet. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Green Turtle | Yes | Although it is difficult to attribute climate change directly to changes in population size, there are a few mechanisms through which impacts are likely (GBRMPA 2014).
Sea level rise from climate change may inundate nesting beaches, which may have considerable impact because females generally show strong site fidelity to nest at the beaches where they were born (Limpus et al 2003).
Warming temperatures can change the sex-ratios of the eggs; warmer temperatures are likely to produce more females (Limpus 2008).
Warming temperatures may also affect ocean circulation patterns, and could result in the movement of larvae away from beaches (GBRMPA 2014).
|
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| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian squid (Loligo gahi) | Yes | Only in episodic occurrences in the case where warmer than normal waters bring Illex to migrate further south and predate upon Loligo in the fishing area (also disperse Loligo). |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | No | |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture irrigation canals | | |
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