| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | A minority (26-50%) (3) | There are conflicting accounts of the relative use of the forest commons in Indonesia in this period. Some accounts emphasize the primacy of industries in using and exploiting forests (see for example Peluso 1992; Dove 1996), while others emphasize the importance of local forest users, including both colonists and adat communities (see Heydir 1999). |
|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | A majority (51-75%) (4) | This is actually a subject of some debate, with different authors putting different levels of emphasis on the use of the forest by local people and industries - see Peluso (1992), Dove (1996) and Heydir (1999). A general consensus would be that extractive industries were more important, and we thus code them as a "a majority" and "adat communities" as a minority. |
|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | A great minority (11-25%) (2) | with the growth of local entrepreneurs and large extractive industries, the proportion of use of this commons by customary communities appears to be declining, although we do not have direct evidence of this. |
|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | A majority (51-75%) (4) | There is not clear evidence on this point, however it appears from most accounts that large extractive industries continue to play the dominant role in forest extraction and depletion. However, the relative contributions of logging industries and others have probably changed, with clearing for export oriented commodity production (particularly palm oil) becoming much more important during this period. |
|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Civil society organizations in Indonesia | Very little (1-10%) (1) | This group does not use the commons directly (it is primarily involved in monitoring) |
|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Local entrepreneurs | A minority (26-50%) (3) | This user group emerged as an important user of forest products during this period, however it is not clear what proportion of forest products they use. A minority is an estimate, as they still appear to be less important than larger commercial firms. |
|---|
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Very little (1-10%) (1) | Researchers do not use humpback whales in the form of "taking" but instead monitor and observe them. |
|---|
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | A minority (26-50%) (3) | |
|---|
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | Industrial ODS producers are directly or indirectly responsible for the vast majority of ODS emissions. |
|---|
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | A minority (26-50%) (3) | Recreational users observe but do not use the commons. Very roughly perhaps ~50% of the whales that come through the Sanctuary are involved in some kind of recreational observation. |
|---|
| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | ICPR nations (1976-1986) | | |
|---|
| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | Rhine chemical firms | A minority (26-50%) (3) | One of the main sources of pollution were heavy metals (Cadmium and Zinc), which originated mostly (see Cadmium and Zinc) in the iron and steel, metal refining and cement manufacturing industries. |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | | Not applicable; recreational fishers don't directly use coral reefs |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Not Applicable | |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | A majority (51-75%) (4) | Extraction by commercial fishers exceeds that by recreational fishers for some but not all target species. |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | A majority (51-75%) (4) | Extraction by commercial fishers exceeds that by recreational fishers for some but not all target species, but exact estimates not available because rec fishing catches not minotired. |
|---|
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Very little (1-10%) (1) | Researchers do not use the habitat, except for occasional research projects, but permits are allocated for such uses. |
|---|
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | Industrial ODS producers are directly or indirectly responsible for the vast majority of ODS emissions. |
|---|
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | Rights to fish sea cucumber within the GMR is exclusive to local resident fishermen. |
|---|
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | 100% of legal fishing within the Macquarie EEZ is attributable to this group; there is limited evidence of IUU fishing in the area. |
|---|
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | A great minority (11-25%) (2) | No direct use. However, tourist trampling of eggs on nesting beaches has been identified as a threat to green turtles (Zarate 2006) and injuries through boat strikes are visible on 20% of nesting females (Stuart Banks pers comm) - so coded as 11-25% |
|---|
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | A majority (51-75%) (4) | Fishing is the primary income source for 70% of Bajau, and although the population is lower (than Butonese) they account for about 50% of all fishers (Cullen, Pretty et al. 2007) |
|---|
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | A majority (51-75%) (4) | Bajau comprise the majority of fishers in WNP, and green turtles tend to be caught opportunistically mainly by Bajau net fishers (Clifton 2013). |
|---|
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Very little (1-10%) (1) | Bajau are associated with destructive practices, including coral mining - which is used as building material (Clifton and Majors 2012). Coral mining has been suggested to be an issue in the WNP (Caras and Pasternak 2009). However, Clifton (2013) did not consider it to be significant, given the availability and access to cheaper land rock, limited evidence for coral mining in the park, and the absence of references to coral mining in the current management plan. |
|---|
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Very little (1-10%) (1) | Some reports of destructive fishing practices (e.g. bomb fishing) but this is a minority |
|---|
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | A majority (51-75%) (4) | indirect use - but diving in Raja Ampat is attractive because of high coral cover |
|---|
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Very little (1-10%) (1) | Turtles are a traditional food, but reports indicate this practice has been greatly reduced with alternative meat sources introduced in some villages (pigs), so I believe the proportion of turtles consumed locally is minimal |
|---|
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | Subsistence use (Smith et al. 2009). |
|---|
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | Since hunting is no longer permitted (since 1973), the only current ways polar bears are used by people is viewing by tourists. Participating on an organized cruise with one of the members of AECO is virtually the only way to access the Nature Reserves. |
|---|
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | A majority (51-75%) (4) | This group uses all of the commons that is accessible to them. Many of the traditional fishing grounds are closed to fishing, thus they are no longer being used. |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | A minority (26-50%) (3) | This depends on the target species. Recreational fishers have the biggest impact on some but not all the major species fished by rec and commercial fishers. |
|---|
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Very little (1-10%) (1) | There are a few incidences of southern right whales becoming entangled in fishing gear. Vessel disturbace is also a perceived threat to this species. |
|---|
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | |
|---|
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | Southern bluefin tuna is the most valuable fishery species produced in South Australia, accounting for 63% of aquaculture production and 34% of total fisheries production in South Australia in 2011–12. Most
southern bluefin tuna in Australia is caught by Commonwealth endorsed vessels in the Great Australian Bight and delivered to aquaculture farms off Port Lincoln in South Australia for fattening (Australian Fisheries Statistics 2012). |
|---|
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | A great minority (11-25%) (2) | Toothfish fishers at Macquarie Island interact with light-mantled albatross only while fishing. Although bycatch is a potential threat; light-mantled albatross are not year round residents of Macquarie Island, and face larger threats from tuna fleets, and on breeding grounds (ACAP 2012) |
|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | A great minority (11-25%) (2) | Toothfish fishers at HIMI interact with light-mantled albatross only while fishing, so a small percentage of the year. Further, the HIMI light mantled albatross are only present at HIMI for part of the year (while they are breeding). These birds have historically faced larger threats from being catch incidentally in Tuna Fleets (ACAP 2012). |
|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | 100% of the legal fishing is attributable to this group. There has been no reported illegal fishing since 2006 in the HIMI EEZ. |
|---|
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Very little (1-10%) (1) | The main interaction between commerical fishers and sealions are as bycatch in gillnet fisheries (southern bluefin tuna in the GABMP is mainly purse-seine). Bycatch levels in the gillnet fishery have been proposed as unsustainable and potentially causing a decline in the Austrlaian sea lion population (Hamer et al. 2011). |
|---|
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | | No direct use - but people visit Svalbard to see the seabirds, including kittiwake. Participating on an organized cruise with one of the members of AECO is virtually the only way to access the Nature Reserves. |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Very little (1-10%) (1) | Commercial fisheries do not utilise corals directly, though many target fish species depend on corals |
|---|
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Not Applicable | |
|---|
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Missing | |
|---|
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | A majority (51-75%) (4) | Subsistence use by local communities - variety of local dependence on marine resources, and many communities were originally hill tribes (lower local dependence than e.g Raja Ampat) |
|---|
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Very little (1-10%) (1) | No direct use of corals |
|---|
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | Only ones with access (other than the natural predators). |
|---|
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | A majority (51-75%) (4) | Small recreational fishery. No indigenous fishery. Small jigging fishery. |
|---|
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | License precludes anyone else from using commercially. Some squid is taken by small recreational and live bait activity. Considered key forage fish (can be thought that some is used by predators). |
|---|
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | |
|---|
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | | |
|---|
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | |
|---|
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | A great majority (76-100%) (5) | |
|---|
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | A majority (51-75%) (4) | |
|---|
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | A great minority (11-25%) (2) | |
|---|
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | A great minority (11-25%) (2) | |
|---|
