| Variable Type | Categorical |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Actor |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Institutions (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD, Fiji fisheries |
| Question | What property regime does this actor group apply to this commons? |
| Select Options | Private property, Common property, Public property, Corporate property, Open-access |
| Unit | |
| Role | |
| Importance | Property regimes are distinct ways to manage a commons, and can play a large role in affecting outcomes for the commons via the incentive structures that they create for the actors involved. |
| Definition | Specifies the property regime that this actor group applies to this environmental commons. The categories of public, common, corporate and private lie along a continuum. Private property: Private property is a regime that grants rights to individuals. Common property: Common property is a regime that grants to a group of individuals, each of which may then have usufructory rights based on their fulfillment of communal obligations. An example would be a Mexican "ejido" which grants collective ownership of land to a group of peasants. Government ("public") property: Government property is a regime that grants rights to a governmental entity, such as a nation-state. Commonly referred to as public property. Corporate property: Corporate property is a regime that grants rights to large corporations (not small family-run businesses, which would be private property). Open-access: Open-access is really a lack of any property regime, implying that there is no formal ownership structure to limit access to and/or use of a commons |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|---|
| The tragedy of the open-access commons | Open-access |
| Transhumance | Common property |
| Private property rights and conservation | Private property or Corporate property |
| Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) | Common and Private |
| Rational depletion of natural resources | Private property or Corporate property |
| Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) | Private property or Corporate property |
| Common property quotas | common property |
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | Common property | The customary laws of many adat communities appear to have resembled a form of common property. As their system of rights was suppressed by the central govt., this was not a very important part of this case. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | Private property | Although all forests were de jure public property, the concession system enabled de facto private property rights for timber concession holders. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "New Order" Indonesian Central Government (1965-1998) | Public property | The government claimed all forests as public property during this period, although it also gave out concessions, which were de facto private property. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | Common property | Customary law systems treat forest property as common property. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | Private property | This group treats concessions as private property - arguably, it also encourages an open access style of property regime outside of its territory. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Civil society organizations in Indonesia | not clear that it applies a property regime - it is primarily about monitoring | |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "Reformasi" Indonesian Central Government (1998-2012) | Public property | |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Local entrepreneurs | Open-access | This actor group essentially treats the forest as an open access system. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian District Governments | ? | |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Public property | Proportional quotas are assigned to nations and then distributed accordingly. |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Public property | Quotas are assigned to nations who can then apportion those quotas among its flagged fleet as it sees fit. |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Western Members | Public property | Quotas are held by nations as public property and can then be assigned to fishers |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | Public property | Quotas are held by nations as public property and can then be assigned to fishers |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Common property | The waters, and coral reefs within it are common property, co-managed by GBRMPA and QPWS. |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | ["Private property ", "Public property "] | ODS is governed as private property, although bans introduced over this snapshot shift some products to public property |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | ["Private property"] | Fishers need a permit to fish. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | ["Private property", "Common property", "Public property"] | Indonesian policy states that the government own and manage the marine environment - different levels of government manage different areas of the inshore marine area. Also manage through community-based and co-management initiatives with resource users including the Bajau. |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | ["Private property", "Public property"] | The NWHI is closed to all groups unless permitted for specific actions, such as cultural practices that enhance traditional knowledge or scientific research. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | ["Common property", "Public property"] | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | ["Private property", "Common property", "Public property"] | Permit required to fish, and now restricted to residents of the Galapagos |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | ["Private property", "Common property", "Public property"] | Permits to access nesting beaches and dive sites. Capture of turtles and harvest of eggs is illegal. |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | ["Private property"] | No rights to anyone, except researchers and managers (via permits) |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | [] | Humpback whales are protected by international and national regulations, and no one can extract whales. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | [] | Polar bears are not really ‘owned’, but the Government Agencies have the ability to make rules surrounding their habitat and on hunting. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | [] | With permits, commons accessible to any American vessel. The quota system provides public property, regulations are set by the federal and state governments, and Risk Pools provide for community feedback on fishing activities and rules to be followed by that community risk pool. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | ["Public property"] | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | ["Public property"] | Government entities have the ability to make regulations surrounding southern right whale habitat and access to whales while in Australian waters. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | [""] | Rights to light mantled albatross within Australian territorial waters are held by the Australian Government and is not granted to toothfish fishers, although technically they may be taken at a rate of 0.01 per 1000 hooks. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | ["Public property"] | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | ["Private property"] | Fishing rights are allocated via a quota system. |
| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D | ["Common property", "Open-access"] | De jure common property; de facto open access |
| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E | ["Common property"] | |
| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H | ["Common property"] | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Public property | Proportional quotas are assigned to nations and then distributed accordingly. |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | Public property | Quotas are owned/held by states and then assigned to fishers. |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Secretariat | ["Public property "] | |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | ["Private property ", "Public property "] | ODS quotas are held by States as part of the Montreal Protocol governance system and can be distributed among industry using a variety of instruments. However, with the exception of exempted uses, most phaseouts eventually lead to banning the use of ODS. |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | [] | Ozone depleting substances are held as private property |
| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | ICPR nations (1976-1986) | ||
| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | Rhine chemical firms | Private property | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Common property | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | ["Common property "] | The waters, and coral reefs within it are common property, co-managed by GBRMPA and QPWS. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Private property | Total allowable catch quotas and Individual transferable quotas |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | ["Private property", "Public property"] | Can trade ITQs. Exist within the public property regime of the Federal and State MPA |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | ["Private property "] | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | ["Public property"] | While some areas are blocked off, the majority of the rocky areas are open access. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | [""] | Fishers own trade-able statutory fishing rights that grant them the right to harvest a fraction of each years total quota. For a number of years one company has held 70% of the quota, while the other holds the remaining 30%. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | ["Common property", "Public property"] | Indonesian policy states that the government own and manage the marine environment - different levels of government manage different areas of the inshore marine area. Also manage through community-based and co-management initiatives with resource users including the Bajau. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | ["Common property", "Public property"] | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | ["Open-access"] | Managed as a state-owned multi-use MPA with some no-take zones and tourist zones. However, may act as de facto open access as regulations are only applied to very specific areas or are loosely applied. No customary / indigenous rights. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | [] | Humpback whales are protected by international and national regulations, and no one can extract whales. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | ["Common property", "Public property"] | Indonesian policy states that the government own and manage the marine environment - different levels of government manage different areas of the inshore marine area. Also manage through community-based and co-management initiatives with resource users including the Bajau. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | ["Open-access"] | Indonesian policy states that the government own and manage the marine environment - different levels of government manage different areas of the inshore marine area. Also manage through community-based and co-management initiatives with resource users including the Bajau. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | ["Private property", "Common property", "Public property"] | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | ["Private property", "Common property", "Public property"] | Tourism well regulated with permits |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | ["Private property", "Public property"] | Native Hawaiians can apply to use the MPA for traditional purposes (private property). Researchers can apply to use the MPA, may include taking samples (Private property) |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | ["Public property"] | Royal Penguins are protected and therefore owned by government. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | [] | While some areas are blocked off, the majority of the rocky areas are open access. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | ["Public property"] | Humpback whales are protected by international and national regulations, and no one can extract whales. |
| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A | ["Common property"] | |
| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B | ["Common property"] | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | ["Private property", "Open-access"] | Traditional management areas (sasi), no-take areas, and subsistence use/open access areas |
| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C | ["Common property"] | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | ["Private property", "Common property"] | Some areas are no-take others for subsistence |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | ["Private property", "Common property", "Open-access"] | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | [] | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | ["Private property", "Common property"] | traditional and customary marine tenure - some areas no-take, and others for traditional use |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | [] | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | ["Private property", "Common property"] | Some areas a re no take, others local/traditional use |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California State and Federal Fisheries Agencies | [] | Groundfish are available to any with a permit and quota allotment. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | ["Public property"] | Light-mantled albatross are held as a form of public property and may not be legally harvested. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | ["Public property"] | |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | ["Public property"] | The AFMA holds public property rights over the Macquarie Island toothfish stock. Holders of quota own rights to harvest a portion of each years total quota which may be set at zero. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | Not Applicable | |
| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F | ["Common property"] | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | ["Public property "] | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | ["Public property"] | Government entities have the ability to make regulations surrounding southern right whale habitat and access to whales while in Australian waters. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | ["Private property"] | Multinational fishery. The fishery is regulated by effort control: licences are required for the Russian and Norwegian vessels and the fleets operating in the Svalbard zone are regulated by number of effective fishing days and number of vessels by country. The Government Agencies have the ability to make rules surrounding the catch of shrimp. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | ["Private property"] | States that are permitted to fish for shrimp in the Svalbard zone are Canada, the EU, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, Russia and Norway. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | [""] | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | ["Private property"] | Output based regime based on individual transferable quotas allocated as Statutory Fishing Rights from an annual Total Allowable Catch. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | ["Private property", "Public property"] | Commercial fishing in the GABMP (CW) of SBT can only be carried out under a permit issued by the Director or under a Commonwealth or State law. Quotas are held by nations as public property and can then be assigned to fishers. Permits are required to fish. |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | ["Public property"] | Has anyone put something else for any of the MPAs? |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | [] | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | ["Private property ", "Public property "] | Public - the Government Agencies co-manage the GBR habitat where turtles live, and have the ability to make management decisions about turtles. Turtles could also be considered ‘private property’ since only indigenous people have rights for traditional harvest. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | [""] | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | ["Public property "] | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | ["Public property"] | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | ["Public property"] | Albatross are considered public property; they cannot be legally harvested. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | ["Public property"] | Rights to light mantled albatross within Australian territorial waters are held by the Australian Government and are not granted to toothfish fishers, although technically they may be taken (3 per vessel; CCAMLR 2013). |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | ["Private property", "Common property", "Public property"] | Fishing is by permit. Fishing for sea cucumbers is now closed. |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Researchers | ["Private property"] | Permit required for research |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | ["Public property"] | The AFMA holds public property rights over the HIMI toothfish stock. Quota holders own rights to harvest a portion of each year's total quota. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | ["Public property"] | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | ["Public property"] | Rights to Australian sealion are held by the Australian Government |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | [""] | Kittiwakes are not really ‘owned’, but the Government Agencies have the ability to make rules surrounding their habitat |
| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G | ["Common property"] | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | ["Public property"] | It conserves the public resource |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | ["Common property"] | Local communties have sea tenure |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | ["Private property", "Common property", "Open-access"] | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | ["Common property"] | Local communties have sea tenure |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Falkland Islands Government (FIG) Fisheries Managers | ["", "Private property"] | Since 2005, ITQ system, thus is private property for fishers |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | [""] | ITQs are private property |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Fishery Managers | ["", "Private property"] | ITQ is private property. Management grants rights to individuals through quotas. |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | ["", "Common property"] | Coral reefs |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | ["", "Common property"] | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | ["", "Common property"] | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | ["Private property", "Common property", "Open-access"] | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | ["Private property", "Public property"] | Total Allowable Catch, Closed Seasons and Individual Transferable Quotas |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | [""] | ITQ is private property |
| California squid | Governance | California Department of Fish and Wildlife Market Squid Managers | [""] | Common property. Rights to manage dictated by a government rights. Licenses dictate who can access, and thus determine private property rights. |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | [""] | Private: licenses. Common in that how much any licensed vessel can catch is up to effort. |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Institute of Sciences - LIPI | [""] | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ["", "Common property", "Public property"] | Irrigation canals fed by river system and tidal surges |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | [""] | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | ["", "Common property"] | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili EcoTrust on Gili Trawangan | Not Applicable | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | ["", "Common property"] | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | ["", "Common property"] |