| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | Consumption | Why can't I choose multiple options for this variable? |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | Extraction | The primary activity of large extractive industries in Indonesian forests during this time period was extraction - including logging, and also mining and in the later part of this time period, creating plantations. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "New Order" Indonesian Central Government (1965-1998) | Extraction rule-making | This needs to be able to select multiple - these folks make rules bout everything! |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | Consumption | select multiple |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | Extraction | Also has other roles - i.e. trading, so should add that when variable is fixed. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Civil society organizations in Indonesia | Extraction monitoring | probably others as well - need to be able to select multiple. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "Reformasi" Indonesian Central Government (1998-2012) | Extraction rule-making | need to be able to select multiple. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Local entrepreneurs | Extraction | Need to allow to select multiple. they also trade. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian District Governments | Extraction rule-making | Probably also other forms of rule making? |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Extraction rule-making | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Extraction rule-making | Although ICCAT peforms many governance functions, their most important role is selecting quotas, rules and assigning quotas among member states. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Western Members | Extraction monitoring | ICCAT Western members are responsible for multiple activities in the commons. However, monitoring is likely the most important of these activities. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | ["Extraction", "Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making", "Trading"] | Taregt sea cucmber for sale; monitor their own catch; involved in the rule-making through representation on the participatory management board of the GMR. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | [""] | |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | ["Extraction conflict resolution", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning"] | Regulate the extraction of fish from spawning aggregations, and aim to raise education and awareness which we have included as conflict resolution |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction conflict resolution", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning", "other"] | This actor group manages all action plans and strategies that contribute to the conservation of the NWHI. Any extraction for research purposes must be permitted through the monument. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making", "Trading rule-making"] | Turtle harvest and trade is banned. Managers impose rules based on international treaties (e.g. CITES). Lack of capacity for sanctioning rule breakers |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | ["Extraction", "Consumption"] | The Bajau are almost entirely dependent on marine resources for income (Cullen 2010). This applies to the fisheries in general not just spawning fish. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | [] | Protection |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | ["other"] | Since humpbacks are neither extracted nor traded, researchers instead monitor and observe the commons. |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | ["other"] | Viewing |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | Not Applicable | |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | ["Extraction"] | Fishers extract toothfish using longlines, trawlers and pots. Over the period of the snapshot, fishers have moved from extracting exclusively with trawlers to extracting primarily with longlines. Longlines were introduced in 2003 and pots were introduced in 2009, though fishing via pots remains at a very low level (10-39 tonnes; CCAMLR 2013). |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | ["Extraction rule-making", "other"] | Rule making, management and monitoring |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | [] | Engages in rule making regarding the use of the commons (one of those uses is extraction of resources) |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction conflict resolution", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning", "Trading monitoring,", "Trading rule-making", "Trading sanctioning"] | Regulate all aspects of extraction of target fish. Regulate and monitoring trade of some species. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Extraction rule-making | ICCAT performs many governance functions, but arguably the most important of which is rulemaking |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | Extraction monitoring | Although Nation states undertake several activities in order to implement the ICCAT governance system. Arguably their most important role is to monitor use of Eastern Tuna |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Secretariat | ["Extraction monitoring "] | The Ozone Secretariat performs many tasks with regards to ODS emissions, however its most important task is to monitor implementation of the protocol. It also makes administrative arrangements for meetings of the parties, shares data among those parties, and represents the parties at other relevant international and regional meetings. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | Extraction monitoring | Although Eastern member states undertake several governance activities, the most important of these is monitoring compliance with rules. |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | ["Extraction monitoring ", "Extraction sanctioning "] | Nation States undertake a variety of activities related to the Montreal Protocol. Arguably the most important of these is monitoring emissions within their territories, and reporting that information to the Ozone Secretariat. |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | ["Extraction "] | This group produces ODS for sale and use in a variety of industrial and consumer products. |
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| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | ICPR nations (1976-1986) | | |
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| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | Rhine chemical firms | other | Emission of pollutants |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Extraction rule-making | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | other | Recreational fishers don't directly extract corals, but extract fish from coral reef systems |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | ["Extraction monitoring ", "Extraction rule-making ", "Extraction sanctioning "] | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Extraction | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | ["Extraction", "Trading"] | |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | ["Extraction "] | Industrial producers emit ozone depleting substances. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | ["other"] | Observation |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | ["Extraction monitoring ", "Extraction rule-making ", "Extraction sanctioning "] | Nation states can make and implement rules regarding ODS emissions, but they are uncoordinated. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction conflict resolution", "Extraction sanctioning", "other"] | Do education and awareness raising with communities about damage to corals which we have included as Extraction conflict resolution. Also survey stakeholder perceptions of management. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | ["Extraction conflict resolution", "Extraction sanctioning", "other"] | Sign up to global bans on turtle extraction and so enforce and sanction against illegal harvesting. Also provide education and awareness which we have included as conflict resolution. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning"] | |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | ["other"] | Access - to beaches and tourism zones, including dive sites. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | ["Extraction", "Consumption"] | Overall low catch and use of turtles. But if caught (more likely as by-catch in nets) then majority of catch is consumed locally, but some trade in turtles (even though export is officially banned) Clifton 2013. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | ["Extraction"] | Some direct extraction via coral mining, and extraction of fish from coral reef systems sometimes using destructive gear so some indirect effects on the common. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | ["Extraction rule-making", "other"] | Managers impose rules based on international agreements, specific regulations part of the Galapagos Special Law.
Shark fishing, transport, and sale of all sharks and their products is banned - the maximum governing authority of the GMR ratified the original Ecuadorian ban in 2000. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | ["other"] | Management through representation on PMB and advisory role on IMA |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction conflict resolution", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning", "other"] | Governing organisation - set rules for the MPA (all no take), and enforce |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making"] | This group creates rules and monitors interactions with royal penguins within the marine park and nature reserve. |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | ["Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning", "other"] | Main management organisation |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | ["Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning"] | |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | [] | Observation |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making", "other"] | Management. Local monitoring of MPAs inlcuding ensuring people follow rules |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning", "other"] | |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | ["Extraction", "Extraction rule-making", "Consumption"] | |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | ["other"] | indirect use |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction conflict resolution", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning"] | |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | ["Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning", "other"] | Management, monitoring |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction conflict resolution", "Extraction sanctioning", "other"] | |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California State and Federal Fisheries Agencies | [] | PFMC and CDFW dictate spatial, temporal, and gear-restriction rules on the groundfish fishery. Monitors are on every vessel and at landing sites. When rules are broken, these agencies have to authority to impose sanctions. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning"] | |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making"] | Extraction is prohibited and managers set rules for the ways in which tourists and researchers might interact with light mantled albatross and other seabirds. |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning"] | |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | ["Extraction"] | |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | ["Extraction", "Extraction monitoring", "Extraction conflict resolution"] | Extraction monitoring - shooting of bears must be reported
Extraction Conflict resolution - Governor is the Chief of Police on Svalbard with the ability to prosecute environmental violations
Extraction - will kill bears that have attacked humans; sometimes extract bears for scientific purposes.
Note: the Extraction Rule Making (the ban on hunting) was instituted by the central Norwegian government. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | ["Extraction", "Consumption"] | |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | ["Extraction monitoring", "other"] | Much ecological research, and some monitoring of sea cucumber catch (when fishery was open) |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | ["Extraction monitoring ", "Extraction conflict resolution ", "Extraction rule-making ", "Extraction sanctioning ", "Trading monitoring, ", "Trading conflict resolution ", " Trading rule-making ", " Trading sanctioning "] | |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | ["other"] | Avoidance and reporting of interactions (monitoring) |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | ["Extraction", "Extraction monitoring", "Trading"] | Extraction
Trading – selling shrimp to the broader markets
Consumption – consuming some individually |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | ["Extraction", "Consumption"] | |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | ["Extraction", "Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making"] | Extraction monitoring – making sure fishers comply with regulations
Extraction - for scientific & research purposes.
Extraction Rule Making – setting the regulations
|
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | [""] | Extraction Conflict resolution - Governor is the Chief of Police on Svalbard with the ability to prosecute environmental violations
Extraction rule-making - All traffic is forbidden in bird sanctuaries between 15 May and 15 August.
other - monitoring |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | ["Extraction conflict resolution", "Extraction sanctioning", "other"] | Protection and management, including mitigating ship strikes and tourism - coded as extraction conflict resolution |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | ["Extraction", "Extraction monitoring"] | Commercial fishers extract SBT but also provide information on how much tuna they caught and where. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning"] | Extraction sanctioning and monitoring - regulating uses of the Park which includes prosecuting for offenses under relevant State and Commonwealth laws.
Extraction rule-making - Commercial fishing in the GABMP (CW) can be carried out under a permit issued by the Director or under a Commonwealth or State law. The Director may make determinations controlling fishing gear and fishing practices (but not responsible for setting or assigning quotas or monitoring SBT). |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | ["other"] | monitoring |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | [] | Monitoring |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | ["Extraction "] | As bycatch |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | ["", "Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making"] | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | ["Extraction monitoring ", "Extraction rule-making "] | |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | ["", "Extraction"] | Toothfish fishers might capture light-mantled albatross as part of the toothfish fishery; but it is not targeted and they actively aim to limit any potential interactions. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making"] | The AAD makes rules about interactions with and protection of albatross within the MPA (applying to managers, scientists, tourists). There is no extraction allowed. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning"] | |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | ["Extraction"] | HIMI toothfish fishers might incidentally capture light-mantled albatross as part of the toothfish fishery; but it is not targeted and they actively avoid potential interactions. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making", "other"] | CDF assisted with rule making, and were involved in monitoring of catch when the fishery was open. They are also involved in ecological surveys. |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Researchers | ["other"] | Research, monitoring, long-term data trends
No major direct use: Collections of voucher and other research specimens of shallow-water reef fishes, corals, other invertebrates, and algae in the NWHI has been periodic and of trivial magnitude. All such activity continues to be regulated by NWR Special Use Permits, which are issued only to qualified researchers by the USFWS, and State of Hawaii Scientific Collecting Permits. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning"] | |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | ["Extraction monitoring"] | Record by-catch of sea lions |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | [""] | No direct use. Viewed by tourists. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | ["Extraction", "Extraction monitoring", "Consumption"] | There might be some other ones but unsure at this time. |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | ["Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning"] | |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | ["Extraction monitoring", "Extraction conflict resolution", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning"] | |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Falkland Islands Government (FIG) Fisheries Managers | ["", "Extraction monitoring"] | Extraction conflict resolution, Extraction rule-making, Extraction sanctioning, Extraction monitoring |
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| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | [""] | Extraction, Extraction monitoring |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | Not Applicable | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | ["", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning", "Consumption", "other"] | Self-organized rules for SCUBA diving and safety |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili EcoTrust on Gili Trawangan | ["", "Extraction monitoring", "other"] | Waste management, coral restoration, tax collection, fund raising |
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| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | ["", "Extraction rule-making"] | |
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| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | ["", "Extraction", "Extraction monitoring", "Trading", "Trading monitoring,"] | |
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| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | [""] | Extraction, Extraction monitoring, Trading |
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| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Fishery Managers | [""] | Extraction monitoring, extraction rule-making |
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| California squid | Governance | California Department of Fish and Wildlife Market Squid Managers | [""] | Extraction monitoring, Extraction rule-making, Extraction sanctioning |
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| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | [""] | Extraction |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Institute of Sciences - LIPI | [""] | |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ["", "other"] | |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | | |
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| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | [""] | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | ["", "Extraction rule-making", "other"] | |
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| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | ["", "Extraction monitoring", "Extraction rule-making", "Extraction sanctioning", "Trading", "Trading rule-making"] | |
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