| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | High (3) | Changes in the forest are immediately visible to local forest users. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | | This group does not attempt to ameliorate the condition. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "New Order" Indonesian Central Government (1965-1998) | | Actor group does not ameliorate. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | High (3) | visibility of resource conditions is high in forests used by local people. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | | Does not attempt to ameloriate |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Civil society organizations in Indonesia | | not clear |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "Reformasi" Indonesian Central Government (1998-2012) | | |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Local entrepreneurs | | does not attempt to ameliorate. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian District Governments | | ? |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Low (1) | There is considerable uncertainty regarding resource stocks that are often highly contested. Part of this is the result of difficulties in validating scientific recommendations. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Low (1) | There is considerable uncertainty regarding resource stocks that are often highly contested. Part of this is the result of difficulties in validating scientific recommendations. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Low (1) | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Western Members | Low (1) | There is considerable uncertainty regarding resource stocks that are often highly contested. Part of this is the result of difficulties in validating scientific recommendations. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | Low (1) | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | Low (1) | |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | High (3) | The visibility of ODS reductions is quite high given existing monitoring regimes. |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | High (3) | Industrial producers may rapidly experience the economic effects of ODS regulations, although the environmental benefits are felt over a much longer period of time. |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Secretariat | High (3) | The Ozone Secretariat can rapidly experience/observe declines in ODS given the general reliability of monitoring regimes. |
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| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | ICPR nations (1976-1986) | | |
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| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | Rhine chemical firms | Low (1) | Microscopic commons |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Medium (2) | Damage to corals, for example from anchor damage or fishing with bottom gears in coral areas, is highly visible (if you are underwater to look at it) - broken, dead, or bleached corals. Depending on the extent of damage, recovery can range from a year to many years. Coded medium here because seeing the damage and effects of interventions require diving or use of ROVs. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Medium (2) | Damage to corals, for example from anchor damage or fishing with bottom gears in coral areas, is highly visible (if you are underwater to look at it) - broken, dead, or bleached corals, and recovery can likewise be seen. But most fishers probably don't snorkel or dive to see damage to corals, so coded as medium. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | | Not applicable; managers don't use the resource |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Medium (2) | Damage to corals, for example from anchor damage or fishing with bottom gears in coral areas, is highly visible (if you are underwater to look at it) - broken, dead, or bleached corals, and recovery can likewise be seen. But most fishers probably don't snorkel or dive to see damage to corals, so coded as medium. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Low (1) | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Medium (2) | Changes are difficult to record though management agencies provide a lot of science on the success of management regulations and compliance to them. |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | High (3) | |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | Low (1) | Given the absence of scientific knowledge it is difficult to observe the benefits of reductions in ODS emissions. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | Low (1) | The fishery is now closed, but stocks are yet to recover. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Missing | |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | Medium (2) | Damage from blast fishing has been somewhat ameliorated, so they can see lower incidences of this. Actual recovery of the coral reef is visible because reefs are relatively accessible and you can clearly see old blast fishing sites. However visibility depends on snorkeling or diving equipment and cannot be seen by land. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | Low (1) | Very difficult to monitor the impact of interventions. Can monitor number of nesting turtles on the beaches but don't know survival rates of adults or hatchlings within MPA or beyond, hence no real visibility of success ameliorating pressures on turtles. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | Medium (2) | Can see the aggregations and know where and when to expect them, but they are underwater and cannot be monitored without diving / snorkelling technologies. |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | Medium (2) | Need to do underwater surveys, but lobsters can be fairly visable underwater |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | Low (1) | Turtles are long-lived and slow to reproduce. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | Low (1) | Sea cucumbers slow growing and low reproductive capacity, managers allow fishing to continue while densities are low, so attempts to set minimum density limits do not exhibit noticeable improvements. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | Low (1) | Long-lived and slow to reproduce. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | Grouper and Snapper are relatively long-lived so replenishment is slightly slower than for other species. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | Very difficult to monitor the impact of interventions. Can monitor number of nesting turtles on the beaches but don't know survival rates of adults or hatchlings within MPA or beyond, hence no real visibility of success ameliorating pressures on turtles. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | Recent observational data indicated a distinct increase in the incidence of blast fishing during 2011–2012 (Clifton 2013) - so coded as Low. Recovery of coral reefs is visible because reefs are relatively accessible and you can clearly see old blast fishing sites. However visibility depends on snorkelling or diving equipment and cannot be seen by land. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | Low (1) | Very difficult to assess changes in populations - can look at relative abundance, by-catch and spatial dynamics. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | Not Applicable | |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | Low (1) | In order to see changes in trophic density you would need monitoring over time (and undersatnding of trophic levels) and diving technology |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | Low (1) | Can monitor number of nesting turtles on the beaches but don't know survival rates of adults or hatchlings within MPA or beyond, hence no real visibility of success ameliorating pressures on turtles. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | Medium (2) | Humpback whale sightings are evident when populations are up, especially in the Monterey Bay NMS where whale watching increases when populations are booming and prey is available. Visibility may be a factor of where productivity is (near shore vs offshore). |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | Medium (2) | Population regrowth are fairly visible, especially with the extensive monitoring programs in place. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | Medium (2) | Indirect amelioration efforts (e.g. picking up trash, monitoring, making sure they don't impede individual whales), but how visible these efforts are is not clear. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Medium (2) | Humpback whale sightings are evident when populations are up, especially in the Monterey Bay NMS where whale watching increases when populations are booming and prey is available. Visibility could also be a factor of where productive waters are in a given season (e.g. near shore vs off shore). |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Medium (2) | Population regrowth are fairly visible, especially with the extensive monitoring programs in place. |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | Recovery of coral reefs is visible because reefs are relatively accessible and you can clearly see old blast fishing sites. However visibility depends on snorkelling or diving equipment and cannot be seen by land. |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | Medium (2) | Recovery of the coral reef can range from a year to many years. Coded medium here because recovery takes a while |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | Not Applicable | |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | Can monitor number of nesting turtles on the beaches but don't know survival rates of adults or hatchlings within MPA or beyond, hence no real visibility of success ameliorating pressures on turtles. |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | Low (1) | Can monitor number of nesting turtles on the beaches but don't know survival rates of adults or hatchlings within MPA or beyond, hence no real visibility of success ameliorating pressures on turtles. |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Medium (2) | underwater and cannot be monitored without diving / snorkelling technologies. |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | Medium (2) | Need underwater monitoring technologies. Some reefs and fish stocks are difficult to access and monitor |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California State and Federal Fisheries Agencies | Medium (2) | Management efforts appear to take considerable time to improve resource conditions, mixed results on amelioration efforts. These species are long-lived and other drivers can have an impact on their stock numbers. Bycatch is one visible detection for improving overall the habitat, as by catch numbers have substantially decreased (NOAA Fisheries Report, 2013). Visibility in form of higher stocks. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Missing | |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | Missing | |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | Missing | |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Missing | |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Not Applicable | |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | Medium (2) | While amelioration efforts can take a long time to show success, it is fairly visible in terms of higher catch when success occurs. |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | Low (1) | It is difficult/nearly impossible to determine effects of their management actions, largely because monitoring of polar bear populations is so expensive that it rarely occurs. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Medium (2) | Changes are difficult to see given the size of the reef. However these actors function within a context of high management capacity, and have access to technologies and information to help them track their impacts. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | Low (1) | Turtles are slow to reproduce - population changes take a long time to see |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Medium (2) | Need underwater monitoring technologies. Some reefs and fish stocks are difficult to access and monitor, others occur in inshore areas. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | Medium (2) | Since it is difficult to count the number of shrimp directly, Managers rely on relative estimates of biomass (e.g. kg of shrimp per distance trawled or per hours trawls), compared against other years to obtain an index of biomass. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | Medium (2) | Southern right whale population growth is visible as calving females and young can be observed from land at the Head of Bight and are observed in other monitoring programs (e.g. annual aerial survey), populations are increasing, but regeneration rates are fairly slow with females producing calves at 3-5 year intervals |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Low (1) | Regulatory attempts to improve SBT stocks have not had an appreciable impact on resource conditions and there is no sign that the spawning stock is rebuilding (IUCN Redlist), although quotas for the most recent year in the snap shot were increased |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | Low (1) | Regulatory attempts to improve SBT stocks have not had an appreciable impact on resource conditions and there is no sign that the spawning stock is rebuilding (IUCN Redlist) |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | Medium (2) | They have to be underwater and do monitoring |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | Low (1) | Most sharks are long-lived and slow to reproduce, they are also wide ranging and may spend considerable amounts of time outside of the GMR |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Low (1) | Since turtles are long-lived, slow reproducing species, changes in management strategies may take years before outcomes can be determined. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | Low (1) | Since turtles are long-lived, slow reproducing species, changes in management strategies may take years before outcomes can be determined. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Missing | |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | Missing | |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Not Applicable | |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Missing | |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | Missing | |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | Low (1) | Currently stocks are so depleted it is not known whether there are sufficient densities for them to recover. |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Researchers | Low (1) | Changes in trophic density can take a while to appear, but the NWHI remains a predator-dominated reef ecosystem. Would need regular monitoring and diving equipment to see changes in trophic density. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Missing | |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Missing | |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | Medium (2) | High site fidelity for breeding so visibility of breeding and population is fairly high. This species has a population breeding time of 17.6 months, which is slower than many other Pinniped species. Populations are small and genetically isolated. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | High (3) | Return to the same areas to breed - so visibility is fairly high |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Not Applicable | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Medium (2) | Damage to corals, for example from anchor damage or fishing with bottom gears in coral areas, is highly visible (if you are underwater to look at it) - broken, dead, or bleached corals, and recovery can likewise be seen. But most fishers probably don't snorkel or dive to see damage to corals, so coded as medium. |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Missing | NO DATA |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | Missing | NO DATA |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | Medium (2) | visibility depends on snorkeling or diving equipment and cannot be seen by land. |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Medium (2) | underwater and cannot be monitored without diving / snorkelling technologies. |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | Medium (2) | visibility depends on snorkeling or diving equipment and cannot be seen by land. |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | Medium (2) | Monitoring fish stocks and recover is difficult. This requires underwater visual census or catch monitoring to gauge health of a stock and its recovery, as well as recovery of habitats and non-target species.However management capacity is high and monitoring technology is available. |
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| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Falkland Islands Government (FIG) Fisheries Managers | Medium (2) | While attempts to protect juveniles and spawning females may be progressing, catch-ability depends on a number of other factors (environment, Illex predation). |
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| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | Medium (2) | While attempts to protect juveniles and spawning females may be progressing, catch-ability depends on a number of other factors (environment, Illex predation) |
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| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | Low (1) | Have not seen evidence of use effect, so likely due to Biology can recovery quickly. However, visibility would be low because availability depends on a number of factors and so even if amelioration attempts would be successful, may not be seen by fishery. |
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| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Fishery Managers | Low (1) | Have not really tried to ameliorate. Availability a reflect of a number of possible factors, so uncertain. Low landings recently more likely reflection of market. No stock assessment. |
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| California squid | Governance | California Department of Fish and Wildlife Market Squid Managers | Medium (2) | Abundance is mostly determined by catches, but availability is subject to a number of factors. |
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| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | Medium (2) | Availability subject to multiple factors, conservation only one of them. |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Institute of Sciences - LIPI | | |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | Missing | |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | | |
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| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | Missing | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | Missing | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | Missing | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili EcoTrust on Gili Trawangan | Missing | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | Missing | |
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| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
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| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
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| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | Missing | |
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