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Social-Ecological Systems Meta-Analysis Database: Variables

Variable TypeOrdinal
Variable Component TypeActor
Variable KindInteraction
ThemeInstitutions (learn about themes)
ProjectsSESMAD
QuestionHow much heterogeneity is there in the bundle of rights granted to the members of this group with respect to this commons?
Select Options1 Low, 2 Moderate, 3 High
Unit
RoleCommonsUser
ImportanceSome heterogeneity may be required in order to create leadership positions with more authority with respect to a commons. However, high heterogeneity of property rights may require significantly more transaction costs in achieving collective action (Schlager and Ostrom 1992).
Definition

This variable records whether some actors have substantially more types of rights (expressed in the ActorRightsType variable) than others. For example, low heterogeneity would mean that all or most actors are provided the same bundles of rights. High heterogeneity would mean that a few actors have more expansive bundles of rights (such as management, exclusion, transfer, etc.) than most members.

Sectors

Theory Usages

TheoryValue Used

Associated Studies

Study Citation

Case Usages

CaseInteraction TypeComponentValue UsedExplanation
Great Barrier Reef Marine ParkGovernanceGBR recreational fishersNot Applicable
Great Barrier Reef Marine ParkGovernanceGBR commercial fishersModerate (2)
Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR)GovernanceGalapagos Artisan FishermenLow (1)All fishers require a permit and are subject to the same rules within the MPA.
Macquarie Island Marine ParkGovernanceAustralian Toothfish FishersModerate (2)One company holds rights to 70% of the quota; and the other group 30%
Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR)GovernanceGalapagos Tourism SectorModerate (2)Different permits for different boats
Wakatobi National Park GovernanceWakatobi Bajau fishersLow (1)
Wakatobi National Park GovernanceWakatobi Bajau fishersLow (1)
Wakatobi National Park GovernanceWakatobi Bajau fishersLow (1)
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries GovernanceCalifornia Sanctuary Recreational UsersLow (1)
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries GovernanceCalifornia Academic ResearchersLow (1)All researchers have same access, though some have stronger relationships with permit allocators.
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries GovernanceCalifornia Academic ResearchersLow (1)All researchers have same access, though some have stronger relationships with permit allocators.
Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004)GovernanceRaja Ampat Artisanal FishersLow (1)Some heterogeneity based on traditional and customary marine tenure
Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004)GovernanceRaja Ampat Tourism 
Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004)GovernanceRaja Ampat Artisanal FishersLow (1)Some heterogeneity based on traditional and customary marine tenure
Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004)GovernanceRaja Ampat Artisanal FishersLow (1)Some heterogeneity based on traditional and customary marine tenure
Svalbard Nature ReservesGovernanceSvalbard TourismNot Applicable
Central California National Marine Sanctuaries GovernanceCalifornia Groundfish FishermenLow (1)Rights are allocated based on historical activity, but generally this is heterogeneous despite the gap between historical fishers and new fishers.
Great Barrier Reef Marine ParkGovernanceGBR recreational fishersLow (1)
Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters)GovernanceGABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial FishersNot Applicable
Svalbard Nature ReservesGovernanceSvalbard Shrimp FishersHigh (3)Different nations have different allowances for the number of vessels and the number of fishing days allowed.
Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters)GovernanceGABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial FishersModerate (2)All fishers require a permit and are subject to the same rules but commercial fishers can hold varying rights of the quota.
Macquarie Island Marine ParkGovernanceAustralian Toothfish FishersModerate (2)Rights to capture light-mantled are granted in relation to level of effort (number of hooks set). Because one group owns a greater share of quotas this corresponds to a right to capture a larger number of light-mantled albatross as bycatch.
Heard and McDonald Islands Marine ReserveGovernanceAustralian Toothfish FishersLow (1)Rights are per vessel, same rights to all vessels (regardless of quota).
Heard and McDonald Islands Marine ReserveGovernanceAustralian Toothfish FishersMissing
Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters)GovernanceGABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial FishersNot Applicable
Svalbard Nature ReservesGovernanceSvalbard TourismNot Applicable
Great Barrier Reef Marine ParkGovernanceGBR commercial fishersNot Applicable
Seaflower MPAGovernanceSeaflower artisanal fishersNot Applicable
Seaflower MPAGovernanceSeaflower artisanal fishersMissingNO DATA
Cenderwasih National ParkGovernanceCenderwasih fishersLow (1)Some heterogeneity based on traditional and customary marine tenure
Cenderwasih National ParkGovernanceCenderwasih fishersLow (1)Some heterogeneity based on traditional and customary marine tenure
Falkland Islands squidGovernancePatagonian Squid TrawlersModerate (2)The joint-venture allows more even rights, but the Falkland Islands own the quota. Parent company had to have at least 51% of shares owned by Falklands residents. Ownership of the total quota, however, is limited to 30% by any one company. Some have more quota than others, but similar. ITQ in the D. gahi fishery is held by seven companies with their share ranging from 4·4 to 27·5%. (Arkhipkin et al. 2013)
New Zealand squidGovernanceNew Zealand Arrow Squid FishersModerate (2)Companies can not have more than 45% of the quota. 7 companies total with varying amounts. SeaLords biggest.
California squidGovernanceCalifornia market squid fishermenLow (1)Equal rights throughout fishers. Catch limit is not allocated by vessel or company, but by entire fleet.
Pond aquaculture on Lombok, IndonesiaGovernanceLombok aquaculture farmersMissing
Pond aquaculture on Lombok, IndonesiaGovernanceLombok aquaculture farmers 
Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, BrazilGovernanceAssociation of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in BrazilLow (1)
Gili Trawangan Coastal TourismGovernanceSCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan 
Gili Trawangan Coastal TourismGovernanceGili Indah Dive Association (GIDA)Low (1)
Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governanceGovernanceIsla Caballo AMPR Costa RicaLow (1)
Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governanceGovernancePalito-Montero AMPR Costa RicaLow (1)
Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governanceGovernancePaquera-Tambor AMPR Costa RicaModerate (2)