| Variable Type | Categorical |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Actor |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Institutions (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD |
| Question | What types of rights does this actor group have with respect to this environmental commons? |
| Select Options | Access, Use, Exclusion, Management, Alienation, Transfer |
| Unit | |
| Role | |
| Importance | "Different bundles of property rights, whether they are de facto or de jure, affect the incentives individuals face, the types of actions they take, and the outcomes they achieve" (Schlager and Ostrom 1992, p. 256). |
| Definition | "Indicates what types of rights an actor group has with respect to the environmental commons in an interaction. See Schlager and Ostrom (1992) Access: the right to enter a defined commons (only applies to natural resource commons). Use: The right to obtain products from a resource (e.g. catch fish, appropriate water) or to emit a given pollutant. Exclusion: A collective choice right to determine who will have access rights and how that right may be transferred. For example: fishermen who limit access to a fishing ground to males of a certain age from their community have exclusion rights. Since access only applies to natural resources, exclusion also only applies to natural resources. Management: The right to create operational use rights. Individuals who have rights to management have the authority to determine when or where use of a resource or emission of a pollutant may occur. For example, a group of fishers who devise a zoning plan to limit harvesting activities to distinct areas of a fishing ground. Alienation: the right to sell or lease either or both exclusion and management rights. Transfer: the right to transfer (buy, sell) use rights." |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|---|
| Cap-and-trade policies | Use, alienation, and transfer |
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | ||
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | Use | This variable needs to be fixed to select multiple. |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "New Order" Indonesian Central Government (1965-1998) | Umm, I'm not sure what it means for this actor to have rights? | |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | variable needs to be fixed. | |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | Use | need to be able to check multiple! |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Civil society organizations in Indonesia | this group does not possess rights. | |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "Reformasi" Indonesian Central Government (1998-2012) | Need to be able to select multiple. | |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Local entrepreneurs | Use | no formal rights? |
| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian District Governments | Does this group have rights? | |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Management | |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Management | |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Management | |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Western Members | Management | |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | Management | This group is responsible for the implementation and enforcement of ICCAT regulations in their territorial waters and for their flagged fleet. |
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | Management | |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | ["Management "] | Nation states are responsible for managing implemenetation of the Montreal Protocol in their territory. |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | Not Applicable | |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Secretariat | ["Management "] | The Ozone Secretariat holds some management rights with regards to ODS. |
| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | ICPR nations (1976-1986) | ||
| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | Rhine chemical firms | ||
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Management | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Access | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | ["Management "] | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Access | and Use. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | ["Access", "Use", "Transfer"] | |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | Not Applicable | |
| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | ["Management ", "Alienation ", "Transfer"] | Nation states have the right to regulate production, use and sale of ODS |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | ["Access", "Use", "Management"] | |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | [""] | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | Managers have not introduced any private rights and have not sold rights to the common, although there is an agreement allowing NGOs to also manage the common. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | Can access for research, and exclude others from nesting beaches. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | Managers have not introduced any private rights and have not sold rights to the common, although there is an agreement allowing NGOs to also manage the common |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | ["Access", "Use", "Exclusion", "Management"] | Co-trusteeship manage, can access and grant access to the commons and also exclude. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | ["Management"] | Mangers manage resource and can exclude people from certain areas of the park |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | Management and access for monitoring |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | ["Access"] | Access - to nesting beaches and dive sites |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | ["Access", "Use"] | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | [] | Green turtles are protected in Indonesia, including through CITES, but the presence of live turtles awaiting export is commonly observed in Bajau villages and generally elicits little response from park authorities (Clifton 2013) |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | ["Access"] | Can access coral reefs and while they do extract corals, mining is banned so they do not have extraction rights per se. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | Access for monitoring. Exclusion of industrial fishing and long-lining. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | Access to dive sites. Management and exclusion through represenation on PMB. |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | The trusteeship manage the MPA and as the whole MPA is no-take they also exclude others. Access for monitoring. Mangers still need to apply for permits for their management actvities. |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | Mangers till need to apply for permits to manage |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | ["Management"] | This actor group manages the protection and excludes the usage of any humpback for purposes other than research and observation. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | ["Exclusion", "Management"] | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | ["Use"] | Recreational users can observe humpback whales in accordance with the regulations in the Marine Mammal Act and National Marine Sanctuaries Act. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | ["Use"] | Researchers are allowed to approach whales and take samples/tag them with the appropriate permits. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | ["Use"] | Use in terms of research use with permit |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | ["Access", "Management"] | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | Management and access for monitoring/research. Some areas are no-take others for subsistence. |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | ["Access"] | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | ["Access", "Management"] | Involved in management and access for monitoring/patrols |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | Management and access for monitoring and research |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | ["Access", "Use", "Exclusion", "Management"] | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | ["Access", "Use", "Management"] | Local communities can use |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California State and Federal Fisheries Agencies | ["Alienation"] | Alienation in the form of selling quota shares. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | ["Management"] | The AFMA is responsible for managing the relationship between the toothfish fishery and the Light-mantled albatross. During initial long-line trials the fishery would have been closed if 2 light mantled albatross were taken as bycatch although this has now been changed in accordance with the Threat Abatement plan for the conservation of albatross and petrels which sets a maximum bycatch rate of 0.01 per 1000 hooks. A number of additional restrictions are put in place to limit bycatch of light mantled albatross and other seabirds. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | They have the right to manage to light-mantled albatross within the Macquarie Island Marine Park and Macquarie Island Nature Reserve. They also regulate visits to the island and can exclude boats that fail to meet certain quarantine or permit standards. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | Actor group can access Royal Penguin for scientific study or tourism, but can also prohibit access by other groups (such as tourists) and are responsible for managing Royal Penguin within the Nature Reserve and Marine Park |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | This group has the right to access, manage and exclude actors from using toothfish resources. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | ["Access"] | Access into the Nature Reserves to view the polar bears. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | ["Use", "Transfer"] | With permits, fishermen can access the commons and use it to extract fish. Groundfish fishermen in the Individual Fishing Quota (IFQ) system can buy or sell their quota rights. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | ["Access", "Use", "Management"] | Use - occasionally for scientific purposes/studies |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | ["Access", "Use"] | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Not Applicable | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | ["Use"] | The fishery is regulated by effort control: licences are required for the Russian and Norwegian vessels and the fleets operating in the Svalbard zone are regulated by number of effective fishing days and number of vessels by country. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | Exclusion – setting regulations based on historical extraction may excluded certain potential users |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | ["Management"] | The actor group, the Director and senior executive staff, are in charge of the administration, management and control of the Commonwealth reserves, which includes the GABMP and southern right whales and their habitat found within the GABMP (CW). |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | ["Access", "Use", "Transfer"] | Statutory Fishing Rights (SFRs) are granted under Section 21 of the Fisheries Management Act 1991. There are two main types of SFRs are used in the Australian Fishing Zone, Quota SFRs and Gear SFRs. Quota SFRs aim to manage the species and amount of fish that can be taken from a fishery during the fishing season, this is done through seasonal quotas, while Gear SFRs specify the type and amount of gear that can be used. SFR holders do have the flexibility to buy, sell and lease these SFRs for use within a specified fishery. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | The actor group, the Director and senior executive staff, are in charge of the administration, management and control of the Commonwealth reserves, which includes commercial fishing for tuna in the GABMP (CW). Commercial fishing in the GABMP (CW) of SBT can only be carried out under a permit issued by the Director or under a Commonwealth or State law. |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | ["Management"] | As the main governmental authority, Coralina has rights to manage who has the right to fish where, etc. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | ["Access", "Management"] | Management and access for monitoring |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | [""] | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | Not Applicable | |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | ["", "Access", "Use"] | They have rights to access resource, and limited use as part of bycatch. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | AAD tightly regulates the use of the HIMI Marine Reserve, including access to Albatross (by tourists, scientists, or others). However, these user groups can apply for permits via the AAD to access the islands and view or study the albatross. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | ["Management"] | The AFMA implements management (via measures) of the interaction between fishing vessels and albatross. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | ["Access", "Use"] | Rights to access resources, and use (limited) via bycatch. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | AAD tightly regulates the use of the HIMI Marine Reserve, including access to King Penguins (by tourists, scientists, or others). However, these user groups can apply for permits via the AAD to access the islands and view or study the penguins. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | ["Access", "Management"] | Was part of PMB until 2008. Now involved in an advisory role. Conducts most of the monitoring, in support of the Parks Service. |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Researchers | ["Access"] | Access for research |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | ["Access", "Use"] | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | This group has the right to access, manage and exclude actors from using toothfish resources. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | ["Access", "Management"] | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | ["Access", "Use"] | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | [""] | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | [""] | Access to the nature reserves, and to view the kittiwakes |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | ["Access"] | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | ["Access", "Use"] | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | ["Exclusion", "Management"] | They are in charge of management and can exclude certain actors from the MPA (industrial fishers from certain management zones). |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | ["Access", "Use", "Exclusion"] | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | ["Access", "Exclusion"] | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | ["Access", "Exclusion", "Management"] | |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Falkland Islands Government (FIG) Fisheries Managers | [""] | Management, Exclusion (can stop fishing at any one time or in any one area) |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | [""] | Fishermen with ITQ are allowed to access commons and to catch: Access , Use |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | [""] | access, use |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Fishery Managers | [""] | Management, Exclusion |
| California squid | Governance | California Department of Fish and Wildlife Market Squid Managers | [""] | Management, Exclusion |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | [""] | Access, Use, Transfer (can sell license) |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Institute of Sciences - LIPI | [""] | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | Missing | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | [""] | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | ["", "Access", "Use", "Management"] | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | ["", "Access", "Use", "Management"] | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili EcoTrust on Gili Trawangan | Not Applicable | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | ["", "Access", "Use", "Management"] | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | ["", "Access", "Use", "Exclusion", "Management", "Alienation"] | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | ["", "Access", "Use", "Exclusion", "Management", "Alienation"] | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | ["", "Access", "Use", "Exclusion", "Management", "Alienation"] | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | ["Access", "Management"] | Management (as part of PMB) Access for monitoring |