| Variable Type | Ordinal |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Actor |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Enforcement (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD, Fiji fisheries |
| Question | To what extent are members of this commons user group able to exclude non-members (outsiders) from using this commons? |
| Select Options | 1 No exclusion, 2 Some exclusion, 3 Total exclusion |
| Unit | |
| Role | CommonsUser |
| Importance | Exclusion is needed in order to ensure that a commons is not over-used. Without exclusion, efforts of commons users to limit their own use of a commons may prove to be ineffective in preserving this commons if outsiders essentially act as free-riders on their efforts. |
| Definition | Exclusion means that members of a commons using actor group effectively prevent non-members for using a commons that they use. Total exclusion: Users are able to prevent the great majority to all incursion by outsiders No exclusion: Outsiders face no impediments from the user group in their attempts to use the commons. |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|---|
| CBNRM design principles | Some exclusion or total exclusion |
| User group boundaries | Some to total exclusion |
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | No exclusion (1) | Fisheries & Reef managers hold these rights. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | ||
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Total exclusion (3) | There has only been one recorded instance of IUU fishing in the Macquarie Island EEZ by the MV Taruman which was part of the Cambodian flagged fleet. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | ||
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | No exclusion (1) | Fishing grounds are envisaged by the Bajau as open to all individuals, regardless of their origin or nationality, hence the concept of marine resource ownership, together with the implicit enforcement of regulations, is in reality far removed from Bajau cultural norms (Clifton 2013). |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | No exclusion (1) | Fishing grounds are envisaged by the Bajau as open to all individuals, regardless of their origin or nationality, hence the concept of marine resource ownership, together with the implicit enforcement of regulations, is in reality far removed from Bajau cultural norms (Clifton 2013). |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | No exclusion (1) | Fishing grounds are envisaged by the Bajau as open to all individuals, regardless of their origin or nationality, hence the concept of marine resource ownership, together with the implicit enforcement of regulations, is in reality far removed from Bajau cultural norms (Clifton 2013). |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | No exclusion (1) | Recreational users have no jurisdiction over excluding others from recreational activities within the Sanctuary. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | No exclusion (1) | Researchers have no jurisdiction in excluding others from this commons. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | No exclusion (1) | Researchers have no jurisdiction in excluding others from this commons. |
| Community A (Fiji fisheries) | Governance | Community A | Total exclusion (3) | Outsiders have not been observed fishing within the PHC. Approximately 1-2 outsider boats are observed per week within the LMMA. |
| Community C (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community C | ||
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Some exclusion (2) | Local fishers patrol their MPAs so they are able to exclude outsiders to some extent, but often outsiders have larger boats and are armed, meaning in reality there is little they can do |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | Not Applicable | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Some exclusion (2) | Communities are all involved in monitoring and enforcing their MPAs so they are able to exclude outsiders - although their power to exclude international IUU fishing vessels is limited |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Some exclusion (2) | Local fishers patrol their MPAs so they are able to exclude outsiders to some extent, but often outsiders have larger boats and are armed, meaning in reality there is little they can do |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Not Applicable | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | No exclusion (1) | Outsiders face no impediments from the groundfish fishermen in their attempts to use the commons, as it is the agencies which exclude others. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | No exclusion (1) | Recreational fishers from other states can fish in the GBRMP without a license. |
| Community F (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community F | Some exclusion (2) | Outsiders have been found fishing within the PHC. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | No exclusion (1) | It is not the fishers that exclude others, but the Coast Guard. Fishers would be able to report infractions. States that are permitted to fish for shrimp in the Svalbard zone are Canada, the EU, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Iceland, Russia and Norway. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | No exclusion (1) | Commerical fishing in the GABMP operates via a quota system, but it is not the fishers themselves who are able to exclude outsiders. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Total exclusion (3) | The HIMI fishery operates via quota system, and as the end of this snapshot only four vessels (and two companies) hold quota to fish in the HIMI EEZ. If any others were fishing in the area (e.g, IUU) they would be reported and have to cease fishing immediately (they could be reported by a legal fishing vessel or by AFMA or the Australian Defense Force which actively surveys the area). Further, even though HIMI is within the jurisdiction of CCAMLR, other CCAMLR states cannot fish there (due to it being an AU EEZ). |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | No exclusion (1) | Commerical fishing in the GABMP operates via a quota system, but it is not the fishers themselves who are able to exclude outsiders. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Not Applicable | |
| Community D (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community D | No exclusion (1) | Outsiders have been regularly observed fishing within the PHC. |
| Community E (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community E | No exclusion (1) | Outsiders have been found fishing within the PHC |
| Community G (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community G | Total exclusion (3) | Outsiders have not been observed fishing within the PHC. |
| Community H (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community H | Total exclusion (3) | Outsiders have not been observed fishing within the PHC. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Missing | NO DATA |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | No exclusion (1) | Local communities don't really have the ability or power to exclude others. Although, there have been some instances of local communties ordering outside bagan fishers away or negotiating higher prices for access to their marine tenure. |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | No exclusion (1) | Local communities don't really have the ability or power to exclude others. Although, there have been some instances of local communties ordering outside bagan fishers away or negotiating higher prices for access to their marine tenure. |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | Some exclusion (2) | While the fishery is heavily limited, fishermen do not limit the licenses. However, since these are large ships, they can determine who will or will not work for them. Also, since they are Falkland based, Falkland Islanders could theoretically ban some countries from merger agreements. FITQS quota can only be held by Falkland Islands companies, unless an exemption has been granted. The ITQ generates catch entitlement that can be fished by qualifying companies with a minimum 25.1% of shares owned by Falkland Islanders. This allows for the operation of joint ventures in the fishery. Catch entitlement may be traded on a seasonal or annual basis, whereas ITQ itself can be traded by outright sale and transfer (Harte & Barton, 2007). Coded medium because of this inter-annual transfer. Ownership of the total quota, however, is limited to 30% by any one company (Arkhipkin et al. 2013b). |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | Some exclusion (2) | Quota sold by government. When giving up quota, must sell to government who then sells it to a buyer (not fisher to fisher transaction). However, some companies choose to exclusively employ New Zealanders. Since vessels must be flagged by New Zealand, this company can choose which countries to partner with in joint ventures, thus some exclusion. |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | No exclusion (1) | Managers exclude participants through licenses, not fishers. |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | Total exclusion (3) | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | No exclusion (1) | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | No exclusion (1) | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | No exclusion (1) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | No exclusion (1) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | Some exclusion (2) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | No exclusion (1) | |
| Community B (Fiji Fisheries) | Governance | Community B | No exclusion (1) | Outsiders have been found fishing within the PHC |