| Variable Type | Ordinal |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Actor |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Incentives (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD |
| Question | Has this commons user group had to leverage their assets and take on debt in order to establish and continue their use of this commons? |
| Select Options | 1 Little to no debt, 2 A moderate level of debt, 3 A high level of debt |
| Unit | |
| Role | CommonsUser |
| Importance | High levels of debt can be very problematic for a user group and the commons on which they depend. Insofar as this debt has occurred to accrue extractive capital, it lessens the ability of the commons user group to adapt and change its behavior to decrease levels of extraction of this resource (see Steneck et al. 2011). |
| Definition | Debt signifies that an actor group owes resources to another set of actors and cannot easily negate or escape the contract that established this debt. The levels of debt and the extent of leveraged assets are relative to the resources available to the commons user: what is a lot of debt to one actor group may not be to another. Little to no debt signifies that, relative to assets, the amount of debt is highly manageable and not problematic for the user group. A high level of debt means the opposite: |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|---|
| Gilded traps | High |
Associated Studies
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | A moderate level of debt (2) | Fishers report that a key challenge of the Structural Adjustment Package offered during re-zoning and of associated buy-out schemes is that they do not compensate fishers for their investments in fisheries technologies. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | A high level of debt (3) | The sea cucmber fishery was associated with a high level of debt and was one of the reasons proposed for the collapse of the fishery (Shepherd et al., 2004) |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Missing | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | Little to no debt (1) | Likely higher debt by smaller-scale operators - there was evidence of this in the fishing sector and many have now moved into the tourism sector |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Little to no debt (1) | long tradition of subsistence fishing |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Little to no debt (1) | long tradition of subsistence fishing |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Little to no debt (1) | long tradition of subsistence fishing |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | A moderate level of debt (2) | While some companies may need financial support in starting or maintaing their business, this has not been widely discussed in the community. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Little to no debt (1) | No debt associated with research projects. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Little to no debt (1) | No debt associated with research projects. |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Little to no debt (1) | Long history of exploiting local area, and no evidence found of debt amongst local subsistence users |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | Little to no debt (1) | No evidence. Local homestays receive tax break. |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Little to no debt (1) | No debt associated with turtle harvest |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Little to no debt (1) | Long tradition of subsistence use of resources |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Not Applicable | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | A moderate level of debt (2) | Banks no longer finance fishermen, but a large amount of capital is needed to enter the fishery, through equipment and permits. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Little to no debt (1) | Pretty cheap to get recreatoinal fishing gear |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Little to no debt (1) | No evidence found |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | No evidence | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Little to no debt (1) | No evidence of debt found in the literature. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Missing | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Missing | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Missing | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Little to no debt (1) | No evidence of debt found in the literature. And some operations are highly profitable. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Not Applicable | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Little to no debt (1) | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Missing | NO DATA |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Little to no debt (1) | Long history of subsistence fishing |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Little to no debt (1) | Long history of subsistence fishing |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | A high level of debt (3) | Yes. Of the 7 companies, they have to borrow from the banks to upgrade or replace trawlers. Very expensive, but banks have no issue loaning. |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | A moderate level of debt (2) | High costs, so likely but unsure. VERY expensive to buy into squid. Banks can finance, but this isn’t very common. |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | Little to no debt (1) | Vessels are handed down from families. Banks do not finance fishing. |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | Missing | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | ||
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | A moderate level of debt (2) | Most businesses have loans or financial investments |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | A moderate level of debt (2) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | Missing | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | Missing | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | Missing |