| Variable Type | Ordinal |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Actor |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Context (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD |
| Question | How high was the level of participation of this actor group or their representatives in the (most recent) zoning of this marine protected area? |
| Select Options | 1 Low, 2 Medium, 3 High |
| Unit | |
| Role | CommonsUser |
| Importance | According to a number of studies marine protected areas are experiencing a governance crisis due to a number of factors (Mora et al. 2003, Green et al. 2011, Hargreaves-Allen et al. 2011. One of those factors is a lack of community/actor involvement in MPA institutional design (Ban et al. 2011). Governance processess that involve local actors in the MPA management from the very beginning are more successful in reaching their proposed goals and objectives. |
| Definition | This variable describes the level of participation this actor group or their representatives has in the the zoning of the MPA. High: The actor group is in charge of managing the resource with or without the support of the lead management agency. Medium: The lead management agency consults the actor group during the decision-making process. Low: The lead management agency informs the actor group of their decisions. None: The lead management agency does not seek input from the actor group. |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Medium (2) | Recreational fishers were very vocal in the rezoning process, and politically powerful. Thus there was active participation by many recreational fishers, although participation likely varied widely, with some individuals very active and others not participating. Zoning plans did not necessarily change in response to the political voice of recreational fishers. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | High (3) | The PMB, which includes fishing representatives, were responsible for deciding the zoning for the GMR (conflicts meant that the fishing sector got the outcome they wanted) |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Medium (2) | Fishers were able to participate in the design and zoning of the Macquarie Island Marine Park via the Sub-Antarctic Fisheries Management Advisory Committee (SouthMAC). Their is limited overlap between the fishery and the marine park. Moreover the small area in which fishing might take place along the Macquarie Ridge is designated as a species protection zone in which some fishing is allowed. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | High (3) | The PMB, which includes Tourism representatives, were responsible for deciding the zoning for the GMR (although constricts with the fishing sector led to the final, minimal zoning plan) |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | Bajau had no involvement in zoning of MPA |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | Bajau had no involvement in zoning of MPA |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | Bajau had no involvement in zoning of MPA |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | Medium (2) | Recreational users influence zoning of the Sanctuaries through stakeholder input, but do not make decisions. Recreational user needs were considered in zoning. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Medium (2) | Researchers are consulted and their work is incorporated into siting of zones. Researcher participation is very high in what zones should be where. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Medium (2) | Researchers are consulted and their work is incorporated into siting of zones. Researcher participation is very high in what zones should be where. |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Medium (2) | Communities heavily involved through traditional management, likely assisted/directed by NGOs, but coded as high. (full community-participation involvement for zoning: Grantham et al. 2013) |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | Low (1) | Overall, tourism wasn't involved and the tourism section of the government was established after the MPAs. Although the Misool MPA was heavily influenced by the eco-resort. |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | High (3) | MPAs were first declared through adat/traditional declarations |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Medium (2) | MPAs managed by co-management so involvement of local fishers is medium through representatives on management (e.g village chiefs) - MPAs were built upon traditional sasi management |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Low (1) | |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | Medium (2) | Fishermen influence zoning of the Sanctuaries through stakeholder input, but do not make decisions. Fishermen needs were considered in zoning, and their participation was particularly high in determining Groundfish Essential Fish Habitats. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Medium (2) | Recreational fishers were very vocal in the rezoning process, and politically powerful. Thus there was active participation by many recreational fishers, although participation likely varied widely, with some individuals very active and others not participating. Rec fishers did not however necessarily impact the zoning plans. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Medium (2) | Commercial fishers were involved in negotiation and consultation with Environment Australia (EA) in the siting of the MPA during the decision-making process (Tacconi, 2000). |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | Low (1) | Fishers were not involved in the decision, but signatory counties can still fish within the 12nm protection zone |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Medium (2) | Commercial fishers were involved in negotiation and consultation with Environment Australia (EA) in the siting of the MPA during the decision-making process (Tacconi, 2000). |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | High (3) | There was a high degree of consultation in the re-zoning efforts of the GBR. Nevertheless, there remain some misgivings about the (large) size of no-take and no-trawling areas, despite the substantial $250million structural adjustment package (Ledee et al 2012). |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Medium (2) | Fishers were able to participate in the design and zoning of the Macquarie Island Marine Park via the Sub-Antarctic Fisheries Management Advisory Committee (SouthMAC). Their is limited overlap between the fishery and the marine park. Moreover the small area in which fishing might take place along the Macquarie Ridge is designated as a species protection zone in which some fishing is allowed. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Medium (2) | See above explanation for siting. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Medium (2) | See above. The Fishing industry, as part of the HIMI Stakeholder Group, was able to keep some proposed areas as "conservation zones" where fishing would be allowed, while the rest of the MPA was a fully no-take zone. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Medium (2) | Commercial fishers were involved in negotiation and consultation with Environment Australia (EA) in the siting of the MPA during the decision-making process (Tacconi, 2000). |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Low (1) | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Medium (2) | Commercial fishers were vocal in opposition to the re-zoning plans, aimed to protect fish and reefs, however they did not directly influence the plans. |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | High (3) | Artisanal fishers were involved in the MPA zoning process from the beginning |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | High (3) | Artisanal fishers were involved in the MPA zoning process from the beginning. |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Low (1) | MPA was designated by central government. WWF did try to engage local communities in zoning in 2008. |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Low (1) | MPA was designated by central government. WWF did try to engage local communities in zoning in 2008. |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | Not Applicable | |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | Not Applicable | |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | Not Applicable | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | Not Applicable | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | Medium (2) | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | High (3) | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | High (3) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | High (3) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | High (3) |