| Variable Type | Ordinal |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Actor |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Enforcement (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD |
| Question | How high is the level of participation of this commons user group or their representatives in social monitoring (enforcement)? |
| Select Options | 1 Low, 2 Medium, 3 High |
| Unit | |
| Role | CommonsUser |
| Importance | Participation in various aspects of commons governance by local actors is associated with sustainable use of the commons (Gibson et al. 2005, Ashwini and Agrawal 2008, Persha et al. 2011). Specifically to local enforcement, its presence is related to a higher probability of commons regeneration (Gibson et al. 2005, Ashwini and Agrawal 2008). |
| Definition | This variable describes the level of participation this actor group or their representatives has in the social monitoring of the commons. High: The actor group is in charge of managing the resource with or without the support of the lead management agency. Medium: The lead management agency consults the actor group during the decision-making process. Low: The lead management agency informs the actor group of their decisions. None: The lead management agency does not seek input from the actor group. |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Low (1) | Monitoring is the responsibility of managers, not recreational fishers. Some informal peer-to-peer monitoring might occur, but little research exists on this. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Low (1) | Enforcement is the responsibility of government managers; there might be some informal peer-to-peer enforcement, but little research on this. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | Low (1) | Even with GPS trackers and on-board observers fishermen were fishing in no-take areas (G. Edgar pers comm) |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | Monitoring is completed exclusively by onboard AFMA observers. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | Medium (2) | Tourism not directly involved in any enforcement, but tourism representative on the Participatory Management Board so coded as medium |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | The Bajau are not involved in monitoring |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | The Bajau are not involved in any monitoring |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | The Bajau are not involved in any monitoring |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | Medium (2) | Recreational users can help enforce rules, especially recreational business owners such as kayaking companies that make sure their customers adhere to Sanctuary rules through their own, or whale watching boats which can report violators. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Low (1) | Researchers do not enforce Sanctuary rules. However they can play a role in reporting incidents or violations they have observed. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Low (1) | Researchers do not enforce Sanctuary rules. However they can play a role in reporting incidents or violations they have observed. |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | High (3) | Local fishers patrol their MPAs as part of community patrols, overseen by the head of the MPA/village cheif (with support from NGOs (and Navy - but in reality this involvement is more sporadic) |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | Monitoring mainly by NGOs, but some support from local community members |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Low (1) | The Govenor monitors tourism. AECO, the Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Operators, has created guidelines for tourism in Svalbard that shall be conducted for all member companies |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | Low (1) | Fishermen can report violations but do not enforce Sanctuary regulations. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Low (1) | Monitoring is the responsibility of managers, not recreational fishers. Some informal peer-to-peer monitoring might occur, but little research exists on this. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | Low (1) | |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Low (1) | Commercial fishers can report violations but do not enforce regulations. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | ||
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | Monitoring is accomplished via onboard observer program. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | Fishers could report IUU vessels. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | Fishers could be involved in social monitoring by reporting IUU or other illegal activities to the AFMA, but there is no evidence that they do social monitoring or enforcement. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Low (1) | Commercial fishers can report violations but do not enforce regulations. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Missing | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Not Applicable | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Medium (2) | According to Elizabeth Taylor some of the fishing coops engage in social monitoring of its members and report violations in general. |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Low (1) | No monitoring by local communities |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | Medium (2) | FIG consults with fishermen for enforcement purposes. Vessels are expected to help monitor the Loligo Box and inform management of any discrepancies. |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | High (3) | MPI consults with fishing groups, and MPI does receive anonymous tips regarding misconduct. DWG enforces their own standards on their own, not a legal framework but socially. |
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | Medium (2) | Do report misconduct, but this isn't something frequently talked about. |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | Missing | |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | Missing | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | Not Applicable | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | High (3) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | Medium (2) | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Low (1) | No monitoring by local communities |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | Not Applicable | |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | High (3) | Fishermen formally involved in monitoring of turtles through community patrols in MPAs and on nesting beaches |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Low (1) | Commercial fishers can report violations but do not enforce regulations. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Low (1) | The Govenor monitors tourism. AECO, the Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Operators, has created guidelines for tourism in Svalbard that shall be conducted for all member companies |