| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | Low (1) | This actor group had very little access to technologies of any kind. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | Low (1) | Doesn't monitor. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "New Order" Indonesian Central Government (1965-1998) | Low (1) | Little technology was used to monitor the commons. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | Low (1) | This actor group does not use very much technology. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | Low (1) | This group does not engage in monitoring. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Civil society organizations in Indonesia | Medium (2) | This user group does use some sophisticated technology, including remote sensing from satellites and airplanes, however the use of these technologies remains limited. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "Reformasi" Indonesian Central Government (1998-2012) | Medium (2) | Some satellite remote sensing is in use to monitor the commons, but not much. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Local entrepreneurs | Low (1) | it does not monitor |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian District Governments | Low (1) | |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | High (3) | The TOPP program uses highly developed tags and satellites in its efforts and monitoring, GPS is heavily used, line-transect survey methods are used to collect abundance data, biopsy technology is often needed, cameras and identification are used, for acoustics depth sounders are used at various frequencies, sonobuoys, CTDs, and bongo tows are used. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | Low (1) | GPS and depth gauges help monitors determine fishing location, but this is not really what the groundfish fishermen are doing. |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | High (3) | SCUBA, engine powered boats. |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | Medium (2) | They use SCUBA and/or other technological means. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | High (3) | Uses low cost technology to publish details of up-to-date fisheries regulations and announcements. Also uses boats, helicopters and VMS to monitoring catch and compliance. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | High (3) | Scientific modelling such as VPA is used to estimate the size of fish stocks to the exclusion of other methods. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | High (3) | Scientific modelling such as VPA is used to estimate the size of fish stocks to the exclusion of other methods. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | High (3) | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Western Members | High (3) | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | Medium (2) | |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Secretariat | High (3) | Scientific technology is used to monitor atmospheric ozone conditions |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | Medium (2) | Some countries utilize advanced monitoring technologies such as radar and aerial images, while others |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | High (3) | Scientific technology is used to monitor atmospheric ozone conditions by developed nations. |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | Not Applicable | |
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| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | ICPR nations (1976-1986) | | |
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| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | Rhine chemical firms | | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Medium (2) | Boats, scuba gear, video tows used in monitoring of the commons. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | | Not applicable, does not monitor |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | High (3) | Boats and SCUBA gear, manta tows get used for monitoring, although much of that is run by AIMS |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | | N/A |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Medium (2) | Some commercial fishers use VMS, also log books. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | Medium (2) | While some monitoring uses basic tools (quadrats and tape measures), others use ambient hand-held wind meter and GPS devices. Higher technology is accessible but not quite needed for this ecosystem. |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | Not Applicable | |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | Low (1) | |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | Low (1) | Fish-catch monitored. GPS used to monitor fisher location. Have previously had on-board observers from CDF |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | AFMA uses more sophisticated technology (e.g., satellites) in monitoring this commons, but the fishers themselves use limited technology (e.g., their vessels and onboard communication). |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | Low (1) | Patrol boats (10 days a months approx). |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | Low (1) | Patrol boats (10 days a months approx) used to monitor in general, including harvesting of turtles. Environmental monitoring of nesting beaches but no regular patrolling of beaches - monitoring is in any case low technology. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | Low (1) | Patrol boats used to monitor poaching from no-take zones (approx 10 days / month) |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | High (3) | Aerial monitoring; oceanographic work; satellite tracking. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | Medium (2) | Parks Service now responsible for turtle monitoring.
Beach patrols (low) and some satellite tracking of movements (high) |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | Low (1) | Catch is measured, on board observers, GPS location - fairly low technological input. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | Not Applicable | |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | The Bajau are not involved in monitoring, and do not have access to technologies |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | Not Applicable | |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | Not Applicable | |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | High (3) | VMS |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | Low (1) | Technology is not used to assess resource conditions; although satellite transmitters have been used to asses the foraging zones of royal penguins |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | High (3) | Satellite tracking and genetics of turtles |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | High (3) | The mobile device tool "Spotter" is one example of monitoring technology. Data is collected on physical conditions. The Coast Guard uses planes to fly over the sanctuaries (for enforcement and monitoring). GPS and GIS is widely used. The Wind to Whales project uses remote sensing, moorings (e.g. bottom passive caustic mooring systems to determine vocal behavior and abundance), ship-board surveys, and tagging with archival dive recorders (SIMoN). |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | Medium (2) | Pup numbers estimated by walking through colonies and counting pups. Some tag and recapture studies. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | Medium (2) | While some monitoring uses basic tools (quadrats and tape measures), others use ambient hand-held wind meter and GPS devices. Ability to use high technology is there, but not quite needed for this ecosystem. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | High (3) | Mobile application Spotter is common in monitoring, and whale watch vessels use GPS and high efficiency vessels for monitoring. |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | High (3) | This actor group uses technology to estimate resource conditions (i..e VPA); and monitor the location of fishing vessels. |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | Medium (2) | Use boats to patrol the area. no satellite monitoring, so coded as medium |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | Monitoring mainly by NGOs, but some support from local community members |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | Not Applicable | |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | Main monitoring of turtles is beach patrols |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | High (3) | Mostly beach patrols, but also used satellite tracking to determine turtle migration. |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | Medium (2) | underwater surveys - scuba, baited and unbaited cameras |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California State and Federal Fisheries Agencies | High (3) | GIS is extensively used. Acoustic data is integrated often. NMFS fishery-independent surveys require vessels, GPS, CTD (conductivity temperature depth) instruments are used to collect environmental data, and cameras are occasionally dropped. Pipe dredges are occasionally used to sample sediment at the bottom (NMFS). A list of all the projects (many which encompass varying levels of technology use) that are incorporated are found at: http://www.pcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/App_C4_Data_Sources_EFH_Phase1_Sep2012.pdf
|
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Low (1) | Monitoring is accomplished almost exclusively by onboard observers |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | Low (1) | Some technology has been used to track foraging patterns of seabirds on Macquarie Island, but as a whole it is used very rarely. |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | High (3) | SCUBA, engine powered boats |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Not Applicable | |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | Medium (2) | Although observations are made by sight, helicopters are used to access the areas. Satellite radio collars,ear tags and tattoos (e.g. Mauritzen et al 2002). |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | Medium (2) | Most monitoring is conducted via beach patrols, but also some satellite tracking |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | High (3) | Use boats and scuba for underwater monitoring. Also use low-cost technologies to advertise and enforce MPA boundaries. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Medium (2) | Monitoring of interactions with southern right whales is via log-book reporting, and GPS.
|
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | Low (1) | Standard fishing gear. |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | Medium (2) | Monitoring uses fairly basic technology, such as regular fishing vessels and fishing gear. |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | Medium (2) | Monitoring at breeding sites - counts (require boats) and population modelling |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | Medium (2) | High technology: Annual aerial flights from Perth to Ceduna over the last 3 decades provide information on the whales in the SW of Australia (personal communication Claire Charlton, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Western Australia). Satellite tagging is used to track migration information. Low - medium technology: Visual observations of the where the whales arrive and leave the area takes place on foot by scientists hiking along the cliffs at the Head of Bight. Photo ID is used to identify individual whales and determine movement patterns. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Medium (2) | On board vessel monitoring of SBT is through scientific observers, logbook recording, and vessel monitoring systems. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | Medium (2) | Technology is used intensively to monitor SBT (e.g. onboard scientific observers, VMS, aerial surveys, electronic tagging/acoustic surveys) - but it is not the Director of Parks who is directly responsible for this (AFMA, CCSBT, CSIRO), although they do have to approve it - so coded as medium. |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | Medium (2) | They use SCUBA and/or other technological means. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | High (3) | Satellite tagging and tracking of sharks - n 2006 coded ultrasonic tags were placed on sharks (either internally by surgery or externally with a dart) and deploying an array of underwater listening stations that detect and record the presence of tagged sharks within a radius of approximately 200 m - Hearn et al 2014. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Medium (2) | There have been satellite telemetry studies monitoring the movements and migrations of turtles. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | Low (1) | No high-end technology needed to report bycatch. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | Monitoring is accomplished via onboard observer program. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | Low (1) | Fishing and patrol vessels may be involved in monitoring. Satellite technology could be used in monitoring. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Low (1) | Monitoring is completed by onboard fisheries observers using limited technology (though they do travel on board modern fisheries vessels). |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | The fishers do not monitor albatross, but onboard observers (hired by AFMA) do. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | Low (1) | Satellite technology could be used in monitoring; IUU patrol vessels may also be involved in monitoring. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | Medium (2) | Monitoring of sea cucumbers does not require particularly high levels of technology - underwater surveys, or on-board observers and GPS |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Researchers | High (3) | includes satelite tracking, remote sensing, acoustics etc |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | AFMA uses more sophisticated technology (e.g., satellites) in monitoring this commons, but the fishers themselves use limited technology (e.g., their vessels and onboard communication). |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | High (3) | Technology is required for monitoring. Vessels are monitored via VMS (via satellite), but also actively monitored by other vessels. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Medium (2) | Monitoring of bycatch via log-book reporting, and GPS. |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Not Applicable | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | Low (1) | Patrol boats |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Low (1) | No monitoring or use of technology by local communities |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | Low (1) | Patrol boats |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Low (1) | No monitoring or use of technology by local communities |
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| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
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| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Falkland Islands Government (FIG) Fisheries Managers | Medium (2) | Rely on GPS. Vessels use fish tracts. VMS used to mark position. Each trawler transmits a daily catch report to FIFD including catch mass by species or species group, effort in trawl hours and noon position defined as the 0.5◦ longitudeÅ~0.25◦ latitude grid square…. vessels also have electronic logbook that records positions and catches for every trawl, and also records the product market-size categories (by mantle length) of D. gahi. These electronic logbooks are also transmitted daily, providing higher spatial resolution of the catches and an index of the size distributions of the squid (Arkhipkin et al. 2013b). Commercial fleet radios in daily to report, for both surveillance and enforcement, and provide real-time catch and effort data at small- spatial and temporal scales, they provide 3 positions daily (Arkhipkin et al. 2008). |
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| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | Medium (2) | Use of GPS and fish trackers. VMS used to mark position. Each trawler transmits a daily catch report to FIFD including catch mass by species or species group, effort in trawl hours and noon position defined as the 0.5◦ longitudeÅ~0.25◦ latitude grid square…. vessels also have electronic logbook that records positions and catches for every trawl, and also records the product market-size categories (by mantle length) of D. gahi. These electronic logbooks are also transmitted daily, providing higher spatial resolution of the catches and an index of the size distributions of the squid (Arkhipkin et al. 2013b). Commercial fleet radios in daily to report, for both surveillance and enforcement, and provide real-time catch and effort data at small- spatial and temporal scales, they provide 3 positions daily (Arkhipkin et al. 2008). |
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| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | High (3) | Most important technology is within the sea lion SLED design and deployment. Do rely on fish finders, GPS, other common factory trawl technologies. |
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| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Fishery Managers | Medium (2) | Technology is primarily involved with the SLED design and deployment. Primarily industry who dictates technological changes in SLED. |
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| California squid | Governance | California Department of Fish and Wildlife Market Squid Managers | Medium (2) | Vessels, nets, lights, sonar, fish finder, electronic logbooks |
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| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | Low (1) | Rarely monitor. Focus on fishery-dependent sampling efforts and ongoing monitoring of catch information. The fisherydependent
sampling is essential for real-time monitoring of the market squid fishery
through the egg escapement method. (FMA 2005). Lights and fish finders used to catch, and therefore somewhat used for monitoring. Marine protected areas monitored through radar. Some sampling and environmental condition surveys. |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Institute of Sciences - LIPI | Low (1) | |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | Low (1) | Very little to no monitoring of the canal and pond water conditions. Some farmers have pumps to regulate water levels, but no other parameters are measured. |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | | |
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| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | Low (1) | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | Missing | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | Missing | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili EcoTrust on Gili Trawangan | Medium (2) | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | Not Applicable | |
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| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
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| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
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