| Variable Type | Ordinal |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Governance System |
| Variable Kind | Interaction |
| Theme | Institutions (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD |
| Question | How, if at all, have the operational rules that govern use of this environmental commons by this governance system changed during this snapshot? |
| Select Options | 1 Less strict, 2 No change, 3 More strict |
| Unit | |
| Role | |
| Importance | This variable is designed to capture whether there has been any change in the strictness of the governance of the case during the snapshot time period. It might be useful to know if something has become more strict because this could have consequences for future effectiveness of the governance system. It could also be seen as a dependent outcome to explain. |
| Definition | Less strict: this could include reduced enforcement and/or a reduction in the application of sanctions.
No change: there has been no change in the governance More strict: this could include enhanced enforcement and/or increased application of sanctions. |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Case Usages
| Case | Interaction Type | Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Governance System | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Governance System | ||
| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Governance System | Missing | |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Marine Park Act 2004-current | No change (2) | zoning has not changed since 2004 |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Marine Park Act 2004-current | More strict (3) | Fisheries regulations have been changed within the period that the new MPA re-zoning has been in place. |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi National Park 2008-current | No change (2) | No apparent changes within this snap-shot |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi National Park 2008-current | No change (2) | |
| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi National Park 2008-current | No change (2) | |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Act 2006 | More strict (3) | Lobster fishery closed, but the monument required all commercial bottomfish and pelagic fishing in NWHI waters to cease on June 15, 2011. |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Act 2006 | More strict (3) | Since the designation of the park, more regulations have been applied, including complete ban on all fishing in 2011 |
| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Act 2006 | More strict (3) | Pelagic and bottom fisheries closed in 2011 |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | Joint Sanctuary Management Governance System | More strict (3) | More maneuvering of shipping lanes and ship traffic have occurred. |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | Joint Sanctuary Management Governance System | More strict (3) | More rules and more restricted zoning have been imposed. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Nature Reserve Management Plan | No change (2) | The rules have not changed significantly over this snapshot; although results suggest that efforts to eradicate invasive species have been successful. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery Management Plan | Less strict (1) | Longline operations were initially prohibited to protect against seabird bycatch. Longline trials began in 2007; and by 2009 trawling ceased (but is still allowed) with all fish being taken by longline. Moreover levels of permissible bycatch of light mantled albatross have increased from 2 per season to 0.01 per 1000 hooks |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery Management Plan | Less strict (1) | At the start of this snapshot; longlining was not permitted due to the potential for seabird bycatch. A scientific permit was issued to assess the potential impacts of longlining in 2007; and by 2009 the entire catch was derived from longline fishing |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Nature Reserve Management Plan | No change (2) | The operational rules within the Macquarie Island Nature Reserve have not significantly changed; implementation of the invasive species eradication program has however been very successful over this snapshot. |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Governance System | More strict (3) | Shark sanctuary introduced in 2010: ban on all harvetsing of sharks, turtle and manta rays |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Governance System | More strict (3) | This time period has seen some high profile sanctions applied - including large fines and prison sentences (WildAid 2012. Enforcement Assessment) shark and manta ray sanctuary established in 2013 - http://www.conservation.org/NewsRoom/pressreleases/Pages/Victory-for-Sharks-Government-of-Raja-Ampat-Declares-the-first-Shark-and-Manta-Ray-Sanctuary-in-Indonesia-and-the-Coral-Tri.aspx |
| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Governance System | More strict (3) | Shark sanctuary introduced in 2010 ban on all harvetsing of sharks, turtle and manta rays |
| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan | More strict (3) | Quotas have been declining, more gear restrictions, and more area closures. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Environmental Protection Act | No change (2) | Ban on the use of ‘heavy fuels’ on boats entering the Nature Reserves entered into force part way through the snapshot (in 2007). |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Governance System 1998-current | More strict (3) | There has been an increase in the ability to monitor IUU fishing through the use of the Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) which has been operational in the GMR since 2009. |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Governance System 1998-current | More strict (3) | There has been an increase in the ability to monitor IUU fishing through the use of the Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) which has been operational in the GMR since 2009. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Plan of Management 2000 - 2005 and Management Plan 2005 - 2012 | No change (2) | The operational rules that govern use of this environmental commons by this governance system have not changed during this snapshot but in 2003, the government announced that it would prohibit mining and exploration activities in the Conservation Zone of the State Water of the GABMP. Previously the Conservation Zone in State Waters allowed petroleum exploration for 6 months of the year, when the southern right whales would not be in the area. |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Environmental Protection Act | More strict (3) | The maximum number of fishing days was further reduced by 30% in 2006. http://www.fisheries.no/ecosystems-and-stocks/marine_stocks/shellfish/shrimp/#.VfxI2Zf08ms |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Plan of Management 2000 - 2005 and Management Plan 2005 - 2012 | No change (2) | No changes in the management of the park during this snapshot. Although, the CCSBT reduced the global total allowable catch (TAC) for 2010 and 2011 to an average level over the two years of 80% of the previously allocated global TAC of 11,810 tonnes. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Marine Park Management Plan | No change (2) | Institutional arrangements have not changed in either the highly protected or species management zones |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower MPA Act 2005 | No change (2) | I do not think they changed since 2005 |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Nature Reserve Management Plan | No change (2) | Governance arrangements have not changes significantly over this snapshot. Fishing has been banned throughout. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fishery Management Plan | Less strict (1) | While the fishery historically operated via trawling, at the beginning of the snapshot (2003), long-lining was approved for use in the fishery, which theoretically poses a greater threat to Light Mantled Albatross. Since then, there has been proportionally more of the catch taken via longline. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan | No change (2) | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan | No change (2) | |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fishery Management Plan | Less strict (1) | While the fishery historically operated via trawling, at the beginning of the snapshot (2003), long-lining was approved for use in the fishery. Since then, there has been proportionally more of the catch taken via longline. Pots have also been used to catch toothfish since 2009. |
| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Plan of Management 2000 - 2005 and Management Plan 2005 - 2012 | No change (2) | |
| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower MPA Act 2005 | No change (2) | I do not think they changed since 2005 |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih governance system | More strict (3) | More detailed zoning and management plan introduced (2010) during this time |
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih governance system | More strict (3) | More detailed zoning and management plan introduced (2010) during this time |
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | The Falkland Islands Government (FIG) Fisheries Department’s Falklands Interim Conservation and Management Zone (FICZ) | More strict (3) | ITQ further limited access rights and fishing effort. Sanctions have increased as well (in 2015, fines increased from £10,000 to £50,000 for mis-reported catches). |
| California squid | Governance | California Department of Fish and Wildlife Market Squid Fishery Management Plan | More strict (3) | Catch limit has remained the same. Modify the incidental take provisions specifying that incidentally taken squid shall meet the following criteria: 1. The volume landed or possessed on a vessel cannot exceed two tons per trip; 2. The amount of squid incidentally taken cannot exceed 10 percent of the total volume of the fish landed or possessed on a vessel. (Commercial Market Squid Regulations - Title 14 §149 and 149.1 2014) |
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture | ||
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture | ||
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Caeté-Taperaçú Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Brazil | Missing | |
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Self.organized rules and norms for SCUBA diving | Missing | |
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Marine Areas for Responsible Fishing (AMPRs) Costa Rica | Missing | |
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Governance System 1998-current | More strict (3) | There has been an increase in the ability to monitor IUU fishing through the use of the Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) which has been operational in the GMR since 2009. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Marine Park Management Plan | No change (2) | The core features of the Macquarie Island Marine Park Management Plan have not changed over this snapshot. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Marine Park Management Plan | No change (2) | There has been no significant changes in the rules for the marine park since its inception as it relates to Royal Penguins. |
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Marine Park Act 2004-current | No change (2) | There have not been major changes to green turtle management regulations since the re-zoning in 2004. |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan | No change (2) | The Management Plan, and its rules about toothfish, have not changed over the course of this snapshot. In 2014, the no take zone was expanded slightly (but that is outside of this snapshot). |
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Environmental Protection Act | No change (2) | |
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Quota Management System | More strict (3) | The Fisheries Act 1996 puts a strict liability offence on any person who buys, sells or possesses fish, other aquatic life or seaweed, taken in contravention of the Act. Fisheries Act of 1996 imposed new regulations. More restrictions on flag of vessels, standards on ships, SLED use. While TACC has largely stayed the same, Fisheries-related mortality limit (FRML) has imposed new restrictions on fishery. |