| Variable Type | Text |
|---|---|
| Variable Component Type | Governance System |
| Variable Kind | Component |
| Theme | Basic (learn about themes) |
| Projects | SESMAD, Fiji fisheries |
| Question | In what year was this governance system implemented? |
| Select Options | |
| Unit | |
| Role | |
| Importance | Together with the “GSEndDate” variable, this variable provides the information on the longevity of the governance system. From the theoretical perspective, the longer the governance system has been in existence, the more robust it is likely to be (Ostrom 2005). |
| Definition | The year in which the governance system that is being analyzed came into effect. |
| Sectors |
Theory Usages
| Theory | Value Used |
|---|
Associated Studies
| Study Citation |
|---|
Component Usages
| Component | Value Used | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| "New Order" Indonesian Forest Governance System, 1965-1998 | 1965 | This governance system began with a political crisis in 1965 that enabled Suharto, then the head of the military, to begin undermining the rule of Sukarno, the previous ruler of Indonesia. The transition to Suharto's dictatorship took 3 years, ending in 1968 when Suharto took full control of the government. |
| "Reformasi" Indonesian Forest Governance System, 1998-2012 | 1998 | This governance system began after the fall of Suharto's dictatorship in 1998. |
| GMR governance system 1998-current | 1998 | Galapagos Special Law (GSL) passed in 1998, created the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR). Galapagos Marine Reserve Management Plan (GMRMP) approved in 1999. The Special Law is closely intertwined with the creation of the GMR, and therefore they are coded together as a single governance system. The GSL was created with extensive consultation and participation from the public and stakeholders. |
| GBR Marine Park Act 1975-1999 | 1975 | The 1975 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) Act established the marine park and the park’s authority (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, GBRMPA). |
| GBR Marine Park Act 2004-current | 2004 | The year in which the re-zoning took place |
| NWHI Monument Act 2006 | 2006 | June 15, 2006 Pres. Bush signed the Presidential Proclamation 8031 to create the Monument. |
| Raja Ampat Governance System | 2009 | Coded from 2009 when the MPA boundaries were extended and the Network fulfilled our size requirements |
| Joint Sanctuary Management Governance System | 1981 | The Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary was the first of the 3 Central California sanctuaries to be designated under the authority of Title III of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, Public Law 92– 532 (the Act) in 1981. The Management Plan was not incorporated until 1987. Cordell Bank NMS was designated 1989 and Monterey Bay NMS was designated in 1992. This snapshot begins in 1992. The most recent management plans and joint Environmental Impact Statement are from 2008. In 2015, a major expansion of the GFNMS and CBNMS increased the area significantly. |
| Community C Governance System | 2010 | PHC management was initiated in 2010. |
| Community B Governance System | 2009 | |
| Seaflower MPA Act 2005 | 2005 | After 5 years of multi-stakeholder involvement, led by CORALINA, the Minister of Environment, Housing, and Territorial Development declared the Seaflower MPA. |
| Community E Governance System | 2002 | PHC management was initiated in 2002. |
| Community F Governance System | 2011 | Governance of {PHC was initiated in 2011. |
| Sasi in Tomolol, Misool | Predates written record | |
| ICCAT Governance System | 1969 | ICCAT was created in 1966, but did not begin formal activities until 1969 |
| Montreal Protocol | 1989 | The Montreal Protocol entered into force on January 1st, 1989. Since then a variety of amendments have been proposed and accepted which have tended to accelerate the rate of implementation. |
| Pre-Montreal Protocol Ozone Governance | 1977 | There is no clear date for the beginning of ozone goverance. We have chosen 1977 as this is the start of our first snapshot as this is the year that international scientific efforts began with a conference of experts from 32 countries. |
| Rhine Chemicals Convention | 1976 | It was adopted by ICPR members in 1976 but actually only minimally implemented |
| Rhine Action Plan | 1987 | |
| Wakatobi National Park 2008-current | 2008 | The year re-zoning and new management plan issued |
| Magnuson-Stevens Act | 1976 | |
| Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery Management Plan | 1994 | A trial fishery was begun in 1994. |
| Macquarie Island Nature Reserve Management Plan | 1978 | The land area was initially protected in 1933; the reserve was extended to 3 nautical miles and its present form in 1978. |
| Community D Governance System | 2010 | PHC was initially established in 2010. |
| Community A Governance System | 2005 | |
| Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan | 1982 | Implemented by the PFMC |
| Svalbard Environmental Protection Act | 2002 | The Act of 2001 came into effect on July 1, 2002. |
| Community G Governance System | 2010 | PHC management was initiated in 2010. |
| Community H Governance System | 2005 | PHC management was initiated in 2005. |
| Galapagos Governance System 1998-current | 1998 | Galapagos Special Law (GSL) passed in 1998, created the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR). Galapagos Marine Reserve Management Plan (GMRMP) approved in 1999. The Special Law is closely intertwined with the creation of the GMR, and therefore they are coded together as a single governance system. The GSL was created with extensive consultation and participation from the public and stakeholders. |
| Macquarie Island Marine Park Management Plan | 2001 | Marine park was designated in 1999; became effective in 2001. |
| GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Plan of Management 2000 - 2005 and Management Plan 2005 - 2012 | 2000 | The first management plan came into force on 17 May 2000 |
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan | 2005 | This Australian Commonwealth MPA was declared in 2002 under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The management plan also includes provisions applicable to the Heard and McDonald Islands World Heritage properties, important wetlands, and threatened and migratory species. |
| Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fishery Management Plan | 2002 | The Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fishery Management Plan 2002 is implemented under the 1991 Fisheries Management Act amended in 2011. The Management Plan includes the trawl fishery for Mackerel Icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari) and the trawl, longline and pot fishery for Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides). An increasing amount of the toothfish catch has been taken via longline rather than trawl (which used to be the primary fishing means). |
| Cenderwasih governance system | 2002 | When the park was officially designated. |
| The Falkland Islands Government (FIG) Fisheries Department’s Falklands Interim Conservation and Management Zone (FICZ) | 1986 | Established by the Falkland Islands Government on October 26 1986 (Barton et al. 2004). First official fishing season was in 1987 (became effective February 1 1987) (Joint 1990). |
| California Department of Fish and Wildlife Market Squid Fishery Management Plan | 2005 | |
| New Zealand Quota Management System | 1986 | October 1986 (snapshot is when squid was introduced, 1987) 1983 Fisheries Act established the QMS. |
| Caeté-Taperaçú Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Brazil | 2009 | |
| Indonesian Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture | Not Applicable | |
| Self.organized rules and norms for SCUBA diving | Early 1990's | |
| Marine Areas for Responsible Fishing (AMPRs) Costa Rica | 2009 | First AMPR in 2009 |