| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | | Do we have data about this? |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | Low (1) | This group does not appear to have engaged in any kind of systematic monitoring. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "New Order" Indonesian Central Government (1965-1998) | Low (1) | There was little if any systematic monitoring of forests during this period. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian "Adat" Communities | Moderate (2) | Although we have little evidence, we presume that members of this group continue to be aware of local conditions around their villages. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Large Extractive Industries in Indonesia | Low (1) | This group does not engage in environmental monitoring |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Civil society organizations in Indonesia | Moderate (2) | This group is primarily engaged in monitoring, but its capacity is limited |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | "Reformasi" Indonesian Central Government (1998-2012) | Moderate (2) | This group has engaged in an increasing amount of environmental monitoring, including some improvements in satellite remote sensing. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Local entrepreneurs | Low (1) | None. |
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| Forests in Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian District Governments | Low (1) | I'm not aware of any evidence that this group engages in environmental monitoring |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Moderate (2) | The 2 operators, along with the AFMA and other parties are involved in tag-recapture programs to assess the sustainability of stocks. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | Moderate (2) | Some amount of monitoring does occur by the managers, with support from CDF |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | Monitoring is conducted by the Wakatobi National Marine Park Authourity and NGOs. No involvement of Bajau.
Some community support (Butonese) http://www.reefresilience.org/case-studies/indonesia-mpa-management/ |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | Not Applicable | |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Sanctuary Recreational Users | High (3) | Recreational users are frequently participating in the "SPOTTED" mobile device app for monitoring. Additionally, whale watching companies are significant contributors to constantly reporting sightings, behavior, and abundance. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | High (3) | The research community is heavily involved in the monitoring of humpback whales, through programs such as TOPP (Tagging of Pacific Pelagics), GIS whale distribution maps, constant physical condition monitoring, photo-ID projects, the CSCAPE project (Collaborative Survey of Cetacean Abundance and the Pelagic Ecosystem), and many other monitoring initiatives. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Low (1) | No formal enforcement or environmental monitoring undertaken by this actor group |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Moderate (2) | Obligated to report all interactions with a southern right whale because it is a protected species. No additional monitoring is undertaken by commercial fishers. |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Shrimp Fishers | Low (1) | The fishers themselves are not officially conducting monitoring, but they do have to keep log books, which are used by the Resource Managers to help determine the status of the stock and to set appropriate regulations. (The Resource Managers also conduct their own research). |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Moderate (2) | Based on some of the CORALINA reports, some of the environmental monitors are fishers. |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | High (3) | It conducts biological monitoring for this commons |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | Moderate (2) | The fisheries managers do the bulk of enforcement monitoring but due to the size of the areas the frequency and extent of monitoring is moderate. Partner institutes do most of the environmental monitoring (AIMS and Universities) but fisheries managers also monitor catch and sometimes monitor on vessels. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Moderate (2) | ICCAT is responsible for analyzing resource conditions using data collected by other parties, as well as analyzing scientific reports. In some countries environmental monitoring is strong, while in others it is weak. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Moderate (2) | ICCAT is responsible for analyzing resource conditions using data collected by other parties, as well as analyzing scientific reports. In some countries environmental monitoring is strong, while in others it is weak. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Contracting Parties | Moderate (2) | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Western Members | Moderate (2) | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | Moderate (2) | |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Secretariat | High (3) | The Ozone Secretariat monitors implementation of the Montreal Protocol. |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Eastern Members | Moderate (2) | |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | High (3) | Monitoring varies by country, but in general given the vast majority of production which takes place in the developed world is well monitored by national-level environmental agencies. |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | Not Applicable | |
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| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | ICPR nations (1976-1986) | | |
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| International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) | Governance | Rhine chemical firms | Low (1) | Not directly involved in the monitoring carried by the ICPR |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Moderate (2) | Monitor within zones, including coral cover (linked to AIMS long-term monitoring program) |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | | None. No official monitoring by recreational fishers |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Moderate (2) | Monitor within zones, including coral cover (linked to AIMS long-term monitoring program) |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR recreational fishers | Low (1) | None. No official monitoring by recreational fishers |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Moderate (2) | This group is obligated to keep daily fish catch log books but they do not participate directly in ecological monitoring. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Moderate (2) | This group is obligated to keep daily fish catch log books but they do not participate directly in ecological monitoring. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Academic Researchers | High (3) | The research community is heavily involved in the monitoring of the rocky intertidal and has been for a long time. Long term projects include Long-term Monitoring Program and Experiential Training for Students (LiMPETS), The Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), and the Point Pinos and the Duxbury Reef Restoration Program which assess visitor use. |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Depleting Substance Industrial Producers | Not Applicable | |
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| Montreal Protocol | Governance | Ozone Nation States | Low (1) | Limited environmental monitoring of ODS over this snapshot, although it does increase towards the end. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Artisan Fishermen | Moderate (2) | Fishermen resposnsible for monitoring their own catch, sometimes with on-board observers (e.g. from CDF)
Twice a year, before (between January and April) and after (between June and August) each fishing season, a team, comprised of fishers, managers, naturalist guides and scientists, visit permanent monitoring sites over an average of 10 working days. (Toral-Granda, 2008)
There was also on-board monitoring of sea-cucumber catch. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | High (3) | 81 permanent transects which NGOs use to monitor coral cover. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | High (3) | Monitor nesting beaches every month (September through December each year). Species, size and number of nesting turtles (Indonesia MPA Management, Reef Resilience, TNC)
http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/asiaandthepacific/indonesia/explore/safe-haven-for-turtles.xml |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi managers | High (3) | Regularly monitor the spawning sites. Every full-moon Sept-April the number of fish at sites is recorded by Wakatobi National Park Authority. |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | High (3) | They at least direct (and fund) all the monitoring which is detailed in the management plan.
(USFW conducts much of the monitoring, in line with their agency aims - A. Wilhelm) |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | Low (1) | CDF conducts most of the monitoring (supports the Parks Service) |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Tourism Sector | Low (1) | No monitoring by tourism- CDF does monitoring |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | Monitoring is conducted by the Wakatobi National Marine Park Authority. There is mention of support from communities, but the extent to which this actually occurs is unclear (and not the Bajau who are involved)
http://www.reefresilience.org/case-studies/indonesia-mpa-management/ |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi Bajau fishers | Low (1) | No monitoring of coral cover by Bajau |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | GMR managers | Low (1) | CDF is responsible for much of the research on sharks. Monitoring occurs twice a year at various sites around the archipelago in partnership with CDF and universities |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | High (3) | NOAA and USFWS monitor based on their agendas. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | Moderate (2) | The last census of the Royal Penguin took place in 1984-1985 (Birdlife International 2015). Major breeding colonies are visited on an annual basis. |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Co-Trusteeship | High (3) | Lots of monitoring on turtles |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | High (3) | The Sanctuary is continuously monitoring and developing more monitoring efforts of whales in the area. A Sanctuary new mobile phone tool "Spotter" allows real time observations from anyone on whale sightings. The Sanctuaries work with a number of different groups (NGOs, Coast Guard, schools and industry) to coordinate research and monitoring. Observers are on commercial ships to assist this as well. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | High (3) | The Director, in consultation with affected Park users, is responsible for developing a research program with an annual review process to identify research priorities and to ensure maximum management benefit from research and survey investments. Survey and monitoring is often conducted by research institutes. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | National Marine Sanctuaries Office of NOAA | High (3) | The Sanctuary monitors the rocky shores to understanding the health of the ecosystem and how the habitat responds to disturbances (SIMoN 2015). Two long term projects are specifically focused on this habitat in the sanctuaries, Long-term Monitoring Program and Experiential Training for Students (LiMPETS) and The Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO). Visitor use is also heavily monitored. |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | Artisanal fishermen do not monitor coral cover. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Moderate (2) | The AFMA conducts an annual review of the fishery using catch, tag-recapture and other scientific data. |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | High (3) | NGOs responsible for majority of the monitoring (with Papua University) |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Moderate (2) | Monitoring mainly by NGOs, but some support from local community members |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Tourism | Low (1) | No monitoring by tourism |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Artisanal Fishers | Low (1) | Monitoring mainly by NGOs, but some support from local community members |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | High (3) | Much environmental monitoring is conducted by NGOs - local NGO Papuan Sea Turtle Foundation (YPP) - with involvement of local communities |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Managers | High (3) | |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California State and Federal Fisheries Agencies | High (3) | The federal Magnuson Stevens Act requires the Council to describe the essential fish habitat in the Fishery Management Plans (FMPs). It wasn't until 1998 that groundfish essential fish habitat was first assessed, and it wasn't until Amendment 19 to the Groundfish Fishery Management Plan was completed in 2006 that groundfish essential fish habitat and habitat areas of particular concern for groundfish were defined. The Council collects data, most which originate from NMFS (National Marine Fishery Service), to see changes in essential habitats and reevaluate risks (PFMC Apex B, 2011). NMFS works highly with The Council and CDFW. A full review of the habitat is conducted every 5 years. Other data sources include universities, National Ocean Service, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, USGS, US Navy, National Science Foundation. All these bodies monitor the commons and the Council uses this data. Observers are required on all vessels and catch monitors are
required during all offloading. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Low (1) | 2 Fisheries observers are onboard every vessel and monitor interactions with seabirds including light mantled albatross. However, they do not explicitly monitor conditions of light-mantled albatross. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Managers | Moderate (2) | The last organized formal count on Macquarie Island was conducted in 2005. However, managers regularly conduct less formal patrols to evaluate the conditions of light-mantled albatross on Macquarie Island. |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower artisanal fishers | Moderate (2) | Based on some of the CORALINA reports, some of the environmental monitors are fishers |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Low (1) | No monitoring conducted. Although tourism operators may record polar bear sightings, these sightings are not part of the formal monitoring process. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | California Groundfish Fishermen | Low (1) | All vessels have a monitor observing their activities, and fishermen have to support this monitor. |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | Moderate (2) | The Norwegian Polar Institute (coded as part of the group of Resource Managers) has been conducting a long-term annual monitoring study of polar bears in Svalbard since 1992. A key focus of the research includes understanding how habitat use and individual survival and reproductive rates may be influenced by environmental changes such as sea ice losses from climate change. As part of the study, scientists sedate a sampling of polar bears by remote darting from a helicopter every spring. Sightings from people visiting or living in the area also add to their understanding. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | High (3) | CDF conducts most of the monitoring (supports the Parks Service) |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | Moderate (2) | Partner institutes do most of the environmental monitoring (AIMS and Universities) but GBRMPA might monitoring specific threats like Crown of Thorns starfish and damage post cyclones. |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | High (3) | Monitoring trawls for shrimp are conducted to estimate the status of the population. These trawls are often supplemented with the fishermen’s data to understand the health of the shrimp stock.
|
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Resource Managers | High (3) | Black-legged kittiwakes are monitored in both Bjørnøya and West-Spitsbergen. The size of several colonies is estimated annually in order to detect short- and long-term changes in population size. Moreover, to explain and even predict those changes, several other parameters are monitored such as the annual adult survival (Spitsbergen and Bjørnøya) and the average breeding success (Bjørnøya).
http://www.mosj.no/en/fauna/marine/black-legged-kittiwake.html |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | High (3) | The Director, in consultation with affected Park users, is responsible for developing a research program with an annual review process to identify research priorities and to ensure maximum management benefit from research and survey investments. Survey and monitoring is often conducted by research institutes. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Moderate (2) | This group is obligated to keep daily fish catch logbooks but they do not participate directly in ecological monitoring. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Director of National Parks | Low (1) | AFMA and the CCSBT engage in the majority of environmental monitoring of this commons along with research organizations like Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). The Director of National Parks will monitor and assess whether commercial fishing is having a negative impact on the Park’s conservation values by consulting with stakeholders. |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | CORALINA | High (3) | It conducts biological monitoring for this commons |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | High (3) | CDF conduct most of the monitoring and assist the Parks Service. CDF have also conducted most of the studies within the Galapagos on shark distribution and spatial patterns |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Low (1) | Fishermen do not participate in any formal monitoring of the green turtle population. Fishers are supposed to report turtle bycatch (although in practice there may be substantial underreporting). |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR government co-managers | High (3) | Individuals within these organizations conduct nesting surveys and analyse the data regarding trends over time. |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR fisheries managers | Low (1) | The fisheries managers do not engage in monitoring of turtles, except perhaps bycatch reporting. (Turtle monitoring surveys are conducted by the government co-managers). |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | Environmental monitoring of seabird interactions is undertaken by onboard observers. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | Low (1) | Due to the remoteness and high cost of science operations, there has been very little to zero monitoring of light-mantled sooty albatross at HIMI. |
|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Not Applicable | |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Low (1) | Fisheries observers, not the fishers themselves, do the environmental monitoring of seabird interactions. |
|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Antarctic Division | Not Applicable | |
|---|
| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Charles Darwin Foundation | High (3) | CDF conducts most of the monitoring (supports the Parks Service) |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Researchers | High (3) | Nearly all of what they do is monitoring |
|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Toothfish Fishers | Moderate (2) | The fishing industry has to participate in a variety of monitoring activities, including a fisheries observer programs (brining two onboard observers), a tag-recapture program, and annual trawl surveys. |
|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Australian Fisheries Management Authority | Moderate (2) | In conjunction with the AFMA, the AAD conducts an annual random stratified trawl survey in the HIMI region. The AFMA also performs a full stock assessment every two years using information from the trawl survey, commercial catch data and other life history data. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Commercial Fishers | Low (1) | Bycatch of sealions is recorded in onboard log books, but sealions tend to have drowned in the gillnet, dropping out and skinking when the net is hauled out and so bycatch is under-reported (Hamer et al. 2011).
No additional monitoring is undertaken by commerical fishers. |
|---|
| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Tourism | Low (1) | Tourism operators are not part of the formal monitoring process |
|---|
| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR commercial fishers | Not Applicable | |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | Moderate (2) | Monitoring is mentioned as important in the management plan, but couldn't find details on the actual monitoring plan. Also no regular monitoring reports available online. But any monitoring would be carried out by this actor. |
|---|
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Low (1) | No monitoring by local communities |
|---|
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih managers | Moderate (2) | Monitoring is mentioned as important in the management plan, but couldn't find details on the actual monitoring plan. Also no regular monitoring reports available online. But any monitoring would be carried out by this actor. |
|---|
| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih fishers | Low (1) | No monitoring by local communities |
|---|
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Falkland Islands Government (FIG) Fisheries Managers | Moderate (2) | While frequent and systematic, managers rely on industry reports for monitoring the status of squid. However, managers includes researchers which conduct studies on population and also includes observers. Fisheries Observers collect position data, catch/effort and biological data, conversion factor data, and seabird/
mammal interaction/mortality data from all fleets and fisheries (FIG 2015). |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Institute of Sciences - LIPI | Low (1) | |
|---|
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | Low (1) | |
|---|
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Isla Caballo AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
|---|
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Palito-Montero AMPR Costa Rica | Low (1) | |
|---|
| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Paquera-Tambor AMPR Costa Rica | Missing | |
|---|
| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | Patagonian Squid Trawlers | High (3) | Monitoring depends on industry participation. Squid are assessed using a modified delury depletion model in real-time. Catches are monitored using a fishery patrol vessel. Observers present for monitoring. |
|---|
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Arrow Squid Fishers | High (3) | All vessels partake in monitoring. Fishers take charge of monitoring sea lion and take charge of monitoring sea birds. |
|---|
| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Fishery Managers | Moderate (2) | All New Zealand boats fishing in Antarctic waters have Ministry of Fisheries observers on board to monitor the catch, compliance with rules, and to help with collecting specimens. Research is primarily dictated by industry. |
|---|
| California squid | Governance | California Department of Fish and Wildlife Market Squid Managers | High (3) | CDFW managers determine specific individuals to continue monitoring the ecosystem and fishing activity (catch). In-season monitoring dependent on fishing reports. Some surveys. |
|---|
| California squid | Governance | California market squid fishermen | Low (1) | Fishermen report catches, and observe changes, but no official monitoring exists. |
|---|
| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Lombok aquaculture farmers | | |
|---|
| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Association of Users in the Caete-Teperacu RESEX (ASSUREMACATA) in Brazil | Low (1) | |
|---|
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | SCUBA diving businesses on Gili Trawangan | Moderate (2) | Diving everyday allows informal first hand monitoring |
|---|
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | Moderate (2) | |
|---|
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili EcoTrust on Gili Trawangan | High (3) | |
|---|
| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Gili Indah Dive Association (GIDA) | Not Applicable | |
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