| Summary | In July 2006 President Bush signed Presidential Proclamation 8031 and created the monument. A 15 year management plan was produced in 2008. The mission of the Monument is "To forever protect and perpetuate ecosystem health and diversity and Native Hawaiian cultural significance of Papahānaumokuākea.” |
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| Project | SESMAD |
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| Subtype | Formal Governance System |
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| Sector | Marine protected areas |
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| Begin Date | 2006 |
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| Explanation | June 15, 2006 Pres. Bush signed the Presidential Proclamation 8031 to create the Monument. |
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| End Date | current |
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| Explanation | 2015 |
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| Governance Scale | State-based policy |
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| Explanation | National law |
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| Governance System Description | The Monument Act of 2006 |
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| Explanation | The Monument Act is the implementation of the national marine Monument for the NWHI. The co-trustees created and signed a Memorandum of Agreement that established the roles and responsibilities of the management groups and mechanisms for managing the Monument. The official management plan for the Monument was produced in 2008 and details these roles.
The management of the Monument has been described by Kittinger et al. (2011) as a “nested, quasiautonomous decision-making unit that operates at multiple scales and nurtures diversity for dynamic responses in the face of change.” |
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| Governance Trigger | |
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| Explanation | More opportunistic then for a specific reason or change.
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| Type Of Formal Governance | Management plan |
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| Explanation | A management plan was produced in 2008 by the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.
The Monument is simply an agreement between the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the State of Hawaii, which form the co-trusteeship that manages the Monument. |
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| Mpa Internal Natural Boundaries | Low (1) |
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| Explanation | The Monument boundary extends into deep, pelagic waters so not clearly delineated |
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| Mpa Migratory Life History | Green Turtle - nesting, foraging, basking grounds |
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| Explanation | Green turtles migrate widely throughout the Pacific Ocean and the NWHI is an area where the species rest, forage and breed. Over 90% of nesting occurs at the French Frigate shoals (Balazs, 1992). |
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| Mpa Threats To Migratory Sp | ["Resource competition", "Habitat destruction", "Other"] |
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| Explanation | Marine debris is a huge problem for wildlife in NWHI - much of the marine debris is in the form of derelict fishing nets, mostly trawl nets, from North Pacific fisheries. Plastic ingested by sea birds at sea and also fed to chicks at colonies (info from management plan).
In the 1940s there was extensive habitat damage at the French Frigate Shoals rookery (Balazs, 1976; Balazs, 2004).
Climate changes predictions - islands might be underwater in the future; increased el nino |
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| Mpa Threats | marine debris; climate change; |
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| Explanation | |
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| Governance Knowledge Use | ["Scientific knowledge", "Local/traditional knowledge"] |
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| Explanation | The Monument uses both types of knowledge to manage the MPA. Both scientific knowledge and traditional knowledge are part of the mandate to protect the area and are included in the action plans for monitoring the resources. |
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| Pa Car Principles | Yes (3) |
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| Explanation | Fulfills all the principles, although not explicitly stated |
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| Centralization | Highly centralized (4) |
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| Explanation | the governance system is highly centralized because the co-trusteeship is composed of state and federal government bodies. |
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| Distance To Markets | Between 100km-1000km (3) |
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| Explanation | Closest market is Main Hawaiian Islands, however there is no resource extraction currently allowed in the NWHI. |
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| Horizontal Coordination | |
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| Explanation | |
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| Mpa Iucn Somewhat Strict Zones | 0 % |
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| Explanation | |
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| Mpa Iucn Sustainable Zones | 0 % |
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| Explanation | |
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| Mpa Budget | Missing |
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| Explanation | |
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| Mpa Connectivity | Yes (3) |
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| Explanation | A range of areas and levels of connectivity were considered when establishing the MPA. The NWHI has a high range of different areas, such as nesting grounds, coral reefs, atolls and sand banks, deep water foraging grounds and sea grass areas. Ranges of distances were not explicit. |
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| Mpa Migratory Threats And Redux | Green turtles |
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| Explanation | Marine debris clean up
invasive species elimination |
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| Mpa Motivation | ["Ecological value", "Feasibility"] |
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| Explanation | Intact ecosystems, but nobody lives there. |
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| Mpa Primary Goal (In Practice) | ["Biodiversity conservation", "Species of conservation concern", "Protection of migratory species", "Exclusion of a specific threat", "Social goals"] |
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| Explanation | |
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| Mpa Protection | ["Protecting key life history stage(s)", "Reducing threats", "Encompassing entire habitat"] |
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| Explanation | |
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| Metric Diversity | High: Many metrics for success (3) |
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| Explanation | Success metrics range from cultural perseverance in the Monument to ecological health (which includes fisheries, pollution, biodiversity, migratory species, trophic density, etc.) |
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| Pa Iucn Strict Zones | 100 % |
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| Explanation | The NWHI MPA is categorized as an IUCN Category Ib, where long-term ecological integrity is preserved with minimal modern infrastructure and zero resource extraction in order to allow future generations experience the area. |
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| Social Ecological Fit | High (3) |
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| Explanation | All no-take and for many of the key species/ecosystems - monk seals, coral reefs, green turtles = good, but for migratory seabirds probably not as good as spend time outside of the MPA. |
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| Mpa Migratory Benefit | Yes |
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| Explanation | By protecting the resources, reducing interactions with fisheries and preserving a robust ecosystem for migratory species. Monitoring and research. |
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| Governance System Spatial Extent | |
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| Explanation | |
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