| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Governance System | High (3) | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Governance System | High (3) | |
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| Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (ICCAT) | Governance | ICCAT Governance System | High (3) | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Marine Park Act 2004-current | Medium (2) | Large scale and many actors, but availability of technology and good information and communication systems |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi National Park 2008-current | Medium (2) | boat and fuel required to travel to all reef sites some are located at the edge of the park so costs of fuel would be fairly high to visit. Coded as medium as no additional technology involved. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | Joint Sanctuary Management Governance System | Low (1) | Most of these studies are fairly low cost. EG the LiMPETS project is approximately $250 for a school to implement. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Nature Reserve Management Plan | Low (1) | There appears to be little to no monitoring and enforcement of rules concerning the conservation of light mantled albatross on land or while foraging. Interactions with toothfish fishers are monitored by the AFMA. However, because Macquarie Island is inhabited year round incidental monitoring, and only occupied by a small number of researchers and tourists monitoring is not terribly costly. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery Management Plan | High (3) | Costs are very high as each boat must have 2 onboard observers, are required to carry a device which record their location, course and speed, and document their catches. |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Governance System | Medium (2) | Local communities are mainly involved in monitoring/enforcing their own MPAs, and although boats and fuel for are (fairly) expensive - overall costs are probably lower than for other sites globally. It is designed to be a suitable system funded by the tourism entrance fee (currenlty supplemented by NGOs) |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Governance System | Medium (2) | Local monitors appointed by villagers - fuel for boats, and/or salaries for monitors funded by NGOs (and now by local government). |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Environmental Protection Act | High (3) | Leasing and operating vessels with ice-breaking capability to monitor the region is considerably expensive. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Plan of Management 2000 - 2005 and Management Plan 2005 - 2012 | Medium (2) | Satellite tagging and surveys by boat or aircraft are expensive but the annual southern right whale monitoring at the calving grounds takes place on foot by scientists hiking along the cliffs at the Head of Bight (http://www.gabrightwhales.com/), which would be a medium transaction cost. |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower MPA Act 2005 | High (3) | Lack of funds and staff to collect and analyze information, and act on it. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Nature Reserve Management Plan | Low (1) | Most (if not all) monitoring is undertaken by the onboard observers and implemented by AFMA and Toothfish fishery management plan. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fishery Management Plan | High (3) | Because of its remote location, costs of monitoring and enforcement are very high. Each vessel must carry two fisheries observers (hired by the AFMA) and a VMS system, which is monitored via satellite by the AFMA. Additionally AFMA and the Australian Defense Force carry out surveillance activities, often sending vessels to the HIMI region. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan | High (3) | Due to the remoteness of HIMI, the cost of research and monitoring is incredibly high. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard Island and McDonald Islands Fishery Management Plan | High (3) | Costs are high as each boat must have two onboard observers, are required to carry a Vessel Monitoring System, and follow a Catch Documentation Scheme. Enforcement and Monitoring is also carried out by the AFMA and Australian Defense Force and has very high cost due to the remoteness of the area. |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan | High (3) | The AAD is tasked with carrying out a variety of research and monitoring tasks of toothfish in and around the HIMI MPA. Because of the remoteness of the area, and the technological requirements of research in the Southern Ocean, the cost of doing this research and monitoring is incredibly expensive. |
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| Seaflower MPA | Governance | Seaflower MPA Act 2005 | High (3) | Lack of funds and staff to collect and analyze information, and act on it. |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih governance system | Medium (2) | large area – managed by central governement in Jakarta. boat and fuel required to travel to all reef sites, costs of fuel would be fairly high to visit. Coded as medium as no additional technology involved. |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture | High (3) | |
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| Gili Trawangan Coastal Tourism | Governance | Self.organized rules and norms for SCUBA diving | High (3) | |
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| Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica fisheries governance | Governance | Marine Areas for Responsible Fishing (AMPRs) Costa Rica | High (3) | |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Marine Park Act 2004-current | Medium (2) | Large scale and many actors, but availability of technology and good information and communication systems |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi National Park 2008-current | Medium (2) | boat and fuel required to travel to spawning sites to count numbers - spawning sites are spread out across park so costs of fuel would be fairly high to visit all sites. Coded as medium as no additional technology involved. |
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| Wakatobi National Park | Governance | Wakatobi National Park 2008-current | Medium (2) | boat and fuel required to travel to nesting sites, which are located at the edge of the park so costs of fuel would be fairly high to visit. Coded as medium as no additional technology involved. |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Act 2006 | High (3) | Large scale, and very difficult to access and monitor or enforce area. The cost impedes ability to monitor and enforce. |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Act 2006 | High (3) | Large scale, and very difficult to access and monitor or enforce area. The cost impedes ability to monitor and enforce. |
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| Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) Marine National Monument | Governance | NWHI Monument Act 2006 | High (3) | Large scale, and very difficult to access and monitor or enforce area. The cost impedes ability to monitor and enforce. |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | Joint Sanctuary Management Governance System | Medium (2) | Satellite tagging and (aerial) surveys can be quite expensive, while citizen reporting of sightings are less so. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Toothfish Fishery Management Plan | High (3) | Each boat must have 2 onboard observers |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Nature Reserve Management Plan | Low (1) | Breeding sites are well known; and limited human population facilitates monitoring. |
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| Raja Ampat (National Act No. 32 2004) | Governance | Raja Ampat Governance System | Medium (2) | Large network for monitoring and enforcing |
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| Central California National Marine Sanctuaries | Governance | Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan | High (3) | Employing vessel monitors is very expensive. The Council is an expensive form of management, with primary and sub-group meetings. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Governance System 1998-current | High (3) | Large park to monitor and enforce. Technology, including Vessel Monitoring System is a high-tech, high costs but efficient method of monitoring illegal fishing within the GMR. Enforcement is costly and is conducted by the Navy, but regular enforcement doesn't appear to be carried out. |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Governance System 1998-current | Low (1) | Fishers responsible for monitoring their own catch (although some on-board observers from CDF)
# high personal costs for enforcement, as when quotas were set too low there were violent protests by the fishermen - people lost jobs |
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| Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR) | Governance | Galapagos Governance System 1998-current | High (3) | Vessel Monitoring System is a high-tech, high costs but efficient method of monitoring illegal fishing within the GMR. Enforcement is costly and is conducted by the Navy, but regular enforcement doesn't appear to be carried out. Most of the monitoring of shark populations has been carried out by CDF - in terms of costs to management the cost is low as the CDF is an international NGO - but high cost methods are needed, such as satelite tagging/tracking |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Plan of Management 2000 - 2005 and Management Plan 2005 - 2012 | | |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Environmental Protection Act | High (3) | Purchasing, maintaining, and operating Coast Guard boats to monitor fishing compliance likely costs considerable amounts of money. |
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| Great Australian Bight Marine Park (GABMP) (Commonwealth Waters) | Governance | GABMP (Commonwealth Waters) Plan of Management 2000 - 2005 and Management Plan 2005 - 2012 | Medium (2) | It's a large and remote area so costs would in theory be high, but in reality there is little enforcement/monitoring my the Parks. The Australian Fisheries Management Authority and the Commission for the Conservation of SBT undertake the majority of monitoring of this environmental commons along with research organizations like Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). AFMA monitors commercial fishing of SBT through: onboard scientific observers, a vessel monitoring system and electronic monitoring systems. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Marine Park Management Plan | Low (1) | Transaction costs are low for the marine park management plan because the only major threat comes from the toothfish fishery which includes 2 observers on each boat. As a result incidental monitoring is sufficient for the major threats that light mantled albatross face on Macquarie Island and within the Marine Park. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Marine Park Management Plan | Low (1) | Transaction costs are low as costs of monitoring are borne by the AFMA and toothfish fishery management plan arrangements. |
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| Macquarie Island Marine Park | Governance | Macquarie Island Marine Park Management Plan | Low (1) | Little monitoring takes place within the Marine Reserve; however because of limited human populations and onboard observer program in the fishery little monitoring is needed. |
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| Great Barrier Reef Marine Park | Governance | GBR Marine Park Act 2004-current | High (3) | The Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) has made it easier to monitor fishing compliance in no-go areas (although it cannot indicate whether gear regulations are being followed). However, gathering the scientific information necessary to assess the turtle population is expensive; conducting census counts (which require continuous personnel on remote beaches for 3 months) is considered so costly that it has not happened (Limpus et al 2003). |
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| Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve | Governance | Heard and McDonald Islands Marine Reserve Management Plan | High (3) | Due to the remoteness of HIMI, the cost of doing research and monitoring is incredibly high. |
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| Svalbard Nature Reserves | Governance | Svalbard Environmental Protection Act | High (3) | Leasing and operating vessels with ice-breaking capability to monitor the region is considerably expensive. |
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| Cenderwasih National Park | Governance | Cenderwasih governance system | Medium (2) | large area – managed by central governement in Jakarta. boat and fuel required to travel to all reef sites, costs of fuel would be fairly high to visit. Coded as medium as no additional technology involved. |
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| Falkland Islands squid | Governance | The Falkland Islands Government (FIG) Fisheries Department’s Falklands Interim Conservation and Management Zone (FICZ) | High (3) | While ITQ system was expected to benefit the overall fishery, it also led to a costly managing system. A rights-based system entails additional administrative, enforcement and monitoring costs. Where possible these costs will be identified and recovered directly from the rights-owners. This payment is additional to the resource rental payment (Harte and Barton 2007a). |
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| New Zealand squid | Governance | New Zealand Quota Management System | High (3) | The government does not have enough personnel or funds for complete monitoring and enforcement. Observers are expensive and the primary mechanism for monitoring. |
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| California squid | Governance | California Department of Fish and Wildlife Market Squid Fishery Management Plan | Medium (2) | Enforcement is expensive. Monitoring primarily cost to industry, but some costs, constant in-season tracking.
In 2005: The current baseline cost for maintaining existing Department programs that deal directly with market squid research, monitoring, enforcement, and license sales exceeds $954,000 annually (FMA 2005) |
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| Pond aquaculture on Lombok, Indonesia | Governance | Indonesian Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture | | |
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| Caete-Teperacu Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Braganca, Brazil | Governance | Caeté-Taperaçú Extractive Reserve (RESEX) in Brazil | High (3) | |
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